Abstract
Aroma of rice greatly affects palatability as well as consumer acceptability and is one of the main factors of rice quality. In this work, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to investigate the volatile organic compounds (VOC) of rice samples with different storage time. It was found that the compounds of benzaldehyde, 2-fluoro-5-methylaniline increased remarkably during storage, while hexanal, octaethylene glycol and monododecyl ether continuously decreased. And then, colorimetric sensor array composed of 12 sensitive dyes were used for rice sample discrimination. A CCD camera was employed to capture the images of colorimetric sensor array, and the difference map of sensor array before and after exposure VOC was obtained. The red (R), green (G), and blue (B) components images were extracted from the difference map. Moreover, the images were further processed and turned into digital data for subsequent analysis. Recently harvested rice and that stored for 6 and 12 months samples were distinguished with three dimensional spaces personal computer assistant cluster trend. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) model based on PCA scores was used to discriminate the storage time of rice samples, and the result indicates 85 % of samples were correctly identified.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdul-Hamid A, Luan YS (2000) Functional properties of dietary fibre prepared from defatted rice bran. Food Chem 68(1):15–19
Aibara S, Ismail IA, Yamashita H, Ohta H, Sekiyama F, Morita Y (1986) Changes in rice bran lipids and free amino acids during storage. Agric Biol Chem 50(3):665–673
Brown CE (1998) Applied multivariate statistics in geohydrology and related sciences. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg
Buttery RG, Turnbaugh JG, Ling LC (1988) Contribution of volatiles to rice aroma. J Agr Food Chem 36(5):1006–1009
Choi S, Jun H, Bang J, Chung SH, Kim Y, Kim BS, Kim H, Beuchat LR, Ryu JH (2015) Behavior of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium graminearum on rice as affected by degree of milling, temperature, and relative humidity during storage. Food Microbiol 46:307–313
Cosio M, Ballabio D, Benedetti S, Gigliotti C (2007) Evaluation of different storage conditions of extra virgin olive oils with an innovative recognition tool built by means of electronic nose and electronic tongue. Food Chem 101(2):485–491
Feng T, Zhuang H, Ye R, Jin Z, Xu X, Xie Z (2011) Analysis of volatile compounds of Mesona Blumes gum/rice extrudates via GC–MS and electronic nose. Sensor Actuat B-Chem 160(1):964–973
Gómez AH, Wang J, Hu G, Pereira AG (2006) Electronic nose technique potential monitoring mandarin maturity. Sensor Actuat B-Chem 113(1):347–353
Guan BB, Zhao JW, Cai MJ, Lin H, Yao LY, Sun LL (2014) Analysis of volatile organic compounds from Chinese vinegar substrate during solid-state fermentation using a colorimetric sensor array. Anal Methods 6(23):9383–9391
Guerrero ED, Marín RN, Mejías RC, Barroso CG (2007) Stir bar sorptive extraction of volatile compounds in vinegar: validation study and comparison with solid phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 1167(1):18–26
Huang XY, Xin JW, Zhao JW (2011) A novel technique for rapid evaluation of fish freshness using colorimetric sensor array. J Food Eng 105(4):632–637
Huang XW, Zou XB, Shi JY, Guo Y, Zhao JW, Zhang J, Hao L (2014) Determination of pork spoilage by colorimetric gas sensor array based on natural pigments. Food Chem 145:549–554
Khush GS (1997) Origin, dispersal, cultivation and variation of rice. Plant Mol Biol 35(1–2):25–34
Mazzone PJ, Hammel J, Dweik R, Na J, Czich C, Laskowski D, Mekhail T (2007) Diagnosis of lung cancer by the analysis of exhaled breath with a colorimetric sensor array. Thorax 62(7):565–568
Qin H, Huo DQ, Zhang LM, Yang L, Zhang SY, Yang M, Shen CH, Hou CJ (2012) Colorimetric artificial nose for identification of Chinese liquor with different geographic origins. Food Res Int 45(1):45–51
Rakow NA, Suslick KS (2000) A colorimetric sensor array for odour visualization. Nature 406(6797):710–713
Sahoolizadeh AH, Heidari BZ, Dehghani CH (2008) A new face recognition method using PCA, LDA and neural network. Int J Comput Sci Eng 2(4):218–223
Shin MG, Yoon SH, Rhee JS, Kwon TW (1986) Correlation between oxidative deterioration of unsaturated lipid and n-hexanal during storage of brown rice. J Food Sci 51(2):460–463
Suslick KS, Rakow NA, Sen A (2004) Colorimetric sensor arrays for molecular recognition. Tetrahedron 60(49):11133–11138
Tananuwong K, Lertsiri S (2010) Changes in volatile aroma compounds of organic fragrant rice during storage under different conditions. J Sci Food Agr 90(10):1590–1596
Tsuzuki W, Suzuki Y, Yamada S, Kano S, Ohnishi H, Fujimoto T, Horigane A (2014) Effect of oxygen absorber on accumulation of free fatty acids in brown rice and whole grain wheat during storage. LWT-Food Sci Techno 58(1):222–229
Yasumatsu K, Moritaka S (1964) Fatty acid compositions of rice lipid and their changes during storage. Agric Biol Chem 28(5):257–264
Zhang C, Suslick KS (2005) A colorimetric sensor array for organics in water. J Am Chem Soc 127(33):11548–11549
Zhang C, Suslick KS (2007) Colorimetric sensor array for soft drink analysis. J Agr Food Chem 55(2):237–242
Zhang QY, Zhang SP, Xie CS, Fan CQ, Bai ZK (2008) Sensory analysis’ of Chinese vinegars using an electronic nose. Sensor Actuat B-Chem 128(2):586–593
Zheng XZ, Lan YB, Zhu JM, Westbrook J, Hoffmann W, Lacey R (2009) Rapid identification of rice samples using an electronic nose. J Bionic Eng 6(3):290–297
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Foundation for the Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation of P.R. China (SBK201241449), China Postdoctoral Special Foundation (2013T60509), Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of PR China (No.200968) for the financial support. We are also grateful to many of our colleagues for stimulating discussion in this field. We are also grateful to Dr. Rahma, Dr. Yared, and other colleagues for checking grammatically and refining the language of this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
Binbin Guan declares that she has no conflict of interest. Jiewen Zhao declares that he has no conflict of interest. Hongjuan Jin declares that she has no conflict of interest. Hao Lin declares that he has no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed Consent
Not applicable.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Guan, B., Zhao, J., Jin, H. et al. Determination of Rice Storage Time with Colorimetric Sensor Array. Food Anal. Methods 10, 1054–1062 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-016-0664-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-016-0664-6