Abstract
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are important in a nation’s economic development and growth. Many SMEs cannot achieve their objectives without instilling a psychological sense of ownership in their team. This study examines the impact of job-based psychological ownership and employee ambidexterity on innovative work behavior and job performance among SME employees. The 279 respondents from Chinese SMEs were sampled using a purposive strategy to obtain data. The proposed research model is evaluated utilizing techniques of structural equation modeling. The study’s findings indicate that job-based psychological ownership has significant effects on the job embeddedness of SME employees but no significant predictive influence on job performance. Additionally, employee ambidexterity increases the development of SME employees’ job embeddedness but has little effect on job performance. Therefore, it may be inferred that the direct impact of job-based psychological ownership and employee ambidexterity on job performance is negligible; however, there is an indirect impact via job embeddedness. The findings also suggest that managers must develop policies and action plans to teach employees job embeddedness to improve their innovative work behavior and job performance.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author at fshahzad51@yahoo.com.
References
Affum-Osei, E., Adom Asante, E., Kwarteng Forkouh, S., & Abdul-Nasiru, I. (2020). Career adaptability and ambidextrous behavior among customer-service representatives: The role of perceived organizational support. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 40(1), 4–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853134.2019.1594241
Affum-Osei, E., Antwi, C. O., Abdul-Nasiru, I., Asante, E. A., Aboagye, M. O., & Forkouh, S. K. (2021). Career adapt-abilities scale in Ghana: Psychometric properties and associations with individual-level ambidexterity and employees’ service performance. Current Psychology, 40(9), 4647–4662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00406-7
Ahmad, A., Shah, F. A., Memon, M. A., Kakakhel, S. J., & Mirza, M. Z. (2022). Mediating effect of job embeddedness between relational coordination and employees’ well-being: A reflective-formative approach. Current Psychology, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03637-3
Ajayi, O. M., Odusanya, K., & Morton, S. (2017). Stimulating employee ambidexterity and employee engagement in SMEs. Management Decision, 55(4), 662–680. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-02-2016-0107
Akkaya, B., Panait, M., Apostu, S. A., & Kaya, Y. (2022). Agile leadership and perceived career success: The mediating role of job embeddedness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8), 4834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084834
Al-Jedaia, Y., & Mehrez, A. (2020). The effect of performance appraisal on job performance in governmental sector: The mediating role of motivation. Management Science Letters, 10(9), 2077–2088. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.2.003
Andrade, J., Franco, M., & Mendes, L. (2022). Facilitating and inhibiting effects of organisational ambidexterity in SME: An analysis centred on SME Characteristics. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 32(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-021-00831-9
Aprih Santoso, L. W. (2021). The effect of ODOI on innovative work behavior and employee performance. Jurnal Manajemen, 25(2), 240. https://doi.org/10.24912/jm.v25i2.738
Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14(3), 396–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377701400320
Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4278999
Atatsi, E. A., Azila-Gbettor, E. M., & Mensah, C. (2021). Predicting task performance from psychological ownership and innovative work behaviour: A cross sectional study. Cogent Business and Management, 8(1), 1917483. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1917483
Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Crossley, C. D., & Luthans, F. (2009). Psychological ownership: theoretical extensions, measurement and relation to work outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(2), 173–191. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.583
Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., & Luthans, F. (2011). Experimentally analyzing the impact of leader positivity on follower positivity and performance. Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 282–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.004
Ayoub, A. E. A. H., Almahamid, S. M., & Al Salah, L. F. (2023). Innovative work behavior scale: development and validation of psychometric properties in higher education in the GCC countries. European Journal of Innovation Management, 26(1), 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-04-2021-0176
Azka, G., Tahir, M. Q., & Syed, T. H. (2011). Transformational leadership, employee engagement and performance: Mediating effect of psychological ownership. African Journal of Business Management, 5(17), 7391–7403. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajbm11.126
Baer, M., & Brown, G. (2012). Blind in one eye: How psychological ownership of ideas affects the types of suggestions people adopt. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 118(1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.01.003
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
Berisha, B., Ramadani, V., Gërguri-Rashiti, S., & Palalić, R. (2020). The impact of innovative working behaviour on employees’ working performance. In Studies on Entrepreneurship, Structural Change and Industrial Dynamics (pp. 37–49). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49410-0_3
Bullock, R. (2015). The development of job – based psychological ownership. Seattle Pacific University.
Campbell, J. P., & Wiernik, B. M. (2015). The Modeling and assessment of work performance. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111427
Caniëls, M. C. J., & Veld, M. (2019). Employee ambidexterity, high performance work systems and innovative work behaviour: How much balance do we need? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(4), 565–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1216881
Ceipek, R., Hautz, J., De Massis, A., Matzler, K., & Ardito, L. (2021). Digital Transformation through exploratory and exploitative internet of things innovations: The impact of family management and technological diversification*. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 38(1), 142–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12551
Chen, B. T. (2017). Service innovation performance in the hospitality industry: The Role of organizational training, personal-job fit and work schedule flexibility. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 26(5), 474–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2017.1264344
Chen, H., & Ayoun, B. (2019). Is negative workplace humor really all that negative? Workplace humor and hospitality employees’ job embeddedness. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 79, 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.12.010
Chen, M. Y. C., Wang, Y. S., & Sun, V. (2012). Intellectual capital and organizational commitment: Evidence from cultural creative industries in Taiwan. Personnel Review, 41(3), 321–339. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483481211212968
Chen, X., Lee, C., Hui, C., Lin, W., Brown, G., & Liu, J. (2023). Feeling possessive, performing well? Effects of job-based psychological ownership on territoriality, information exchange, and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 108(3), 403–424. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0001027
Chong, K. Y., & Kee, D. M. H. (2019). Job Satisfaction and performance of police officers in penang. in european proceedings of social and behavioural sciences (pp. 155–165). Cognitive-Crcs. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.08.16
Cohen, J. (1962). The statistical power of abnormal-social psychological research: A review. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 65(3), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045186
Cohen, J. (1998). Statistical power analysis for behavioural sciences. Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Crossley, C. D., Bennett, R. J., Jex, S. M., & Burnfield, J. L. (2007). Development of a Global Measure of Job Embeddedness and Integration Into a Traditional Model of Voluntary Turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1031–1042. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1031
Dai, Y. D., Zhuang, W. L., Lu, S. C., & Huan, T. C. (2021). Work engagement or job burnout? Psychological ownership amongst the employees of international tourist hotels. Tourism Review, 76(6), 1243–1259. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-03-2020-0087
Dawkins, S., Tian, A. W., Newman, A., & Martin, A. (2017). Psychological ownership: A review and research agenda. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(2), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2057
Denhardt, R. B. (1987). Images of death and slavery in organizational life. Journal of Management, 13(3), 529–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638701300309
Ding, H., Yu, E., & Li, Y. (2022). Core self-evaluation, perceived organizational support for strengths use and job performance: Testing a mediation model. Current Psychology, 41(8), 5143–5150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01029-z
Eysenck, H. J. (2017). The biological basis of personality. The biological basis of personality. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351305280
Falahat, M., Ramayah, T., Soto-Acosta, P., & Lee, Y. Y. (2020). SMEs internationalization: The role of product innovation, market intelligence, pricing and marketing communication capabilities as drivers of SMEs’ international performance. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 152, 119908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.119908
Fateh, A., Aslam, M. Z., & Shahzad, F. (2023). Does personal mastery lead to creativity for complex jobs: a moderated mediation model. Kybernetes. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-03-2023-0390
Firk, S., Gehrke, Y., Hanelt, A., & Wolff, M. (2022). Top management team characteristics and digital innovation: Exploring digital knowledge and TMT interfaces. Long Range Planning, 55(3), 102166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2021.102166
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and Statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
Franziska, R., Richard, P., & Eric, S. (2020). A Climate for Psychological Ownership to Enhance Organizational Performance Across Latin America. In Academy of Management Global Proceedings (p. 59). Academy of Management.
Fu, N., Flood, P. C., Bosak, J., Rousseau, D. M., Morris, T., & O’Regan, P. (2017). High-performance work systems in professional service firms: Examining the practices-resources-uses-performance linkage. Human Resource Management, 56(2), 329–352. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21767
Geisser, S. (1974). A predictive approach to the random effect model. Biometrika, 61(1), 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/61.1.101
Gu, Q., Hu, D., & Hempel, P. (2022). Team reward interdependence and team performance: roles of shared leadership and psychological ownership. Personnel Review, 51(5), 1518–1533. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-06-2020-0403
Gürlek, M. (2021). Effects of high-performance work systems (HPWSs) on intellectual capital, organizational ambidexterity and knowledge absorptive capacity: evidence from the hotel industry. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 30(1), 38–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2020.1774029
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis with readings (5nd ed.). Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall, Inc.
Hair, J. F. Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2014a). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook. Springer (Vol. 26).
Hair, J. F., Jr., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, G. (2014b). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 414–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0261-6
Hair, J. F., Thomas, G. M. H., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). SAGE Publication Inc Sage: Thousand Oaks.
Han, T. S., Chiang, H. H., & Chang, A. (2010). Employee participation in decision making, psychological ownership and knowledge sharing: Mediating role of organizational commitment in Taiwanese high-tech organizations. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(12), 2218–2233. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2010.509625
Harris, K. J., Wheeler, A. R., & Kacmar, K. M. (2011). The mediating role of organizational job embeddedness in the LMX-outcomes relationships. Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.003
Hassan, M. M., Jambulingam, M., Narayan, E. A., Islam, S. N., & Zaman, A. U. (2021). Retention approaches of millennial at private sector: Mediating role of job embeddedness. Global Business Review, 0972150920932288, 097215092093228. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920932288
Hatch, M. J., & Schultz, M. (2002). The dynamics of organizational identity. Human Relations, 55(8), 989–1018. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726702055008181
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hosie, P., & Nankervis, A. (2016). A multidimensional measure of managers’ contextual and task performance. Personnel Review, 45(2), 419–447. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-02-2014-0038
Hou, N., & Peng, J. (2019). Authoritarian-benevolent leadership, active implementation and job performance: An investigation on the effectiveness of ambidextrous leadership in the Chinese context. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 51(1), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2019.00117
Hu, W., Luo, J., Chen, Z., & Zhong, J. (2020). Ambidextrous leaders helping newcomers get on board: Achieving adjustment and proaction through distinct pathways. Journal of Business Research, 118(6), 406–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.064
Ibrahim, G., Abdel, S., & Arous, H. (2022). The impact of promotive psychological ownership on innovative work behavior in five-star hotels. Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, 6(June), 18–40.
Imran, M., & Abbas, J. (2019). The role of strategic orientation in export performance of China automobile industry. In Handbook of Research on Managerial Practices and Disruptive Innovation in Asia, 249–263. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0357-7.ch014
Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effort-reward fairness and innovative work behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(3), 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317900167038
Jiang, Y., Asante, D., Zhang, J., & Ampaw, E. M. (2021). The influence of ambidextrous leadership on the employee innovative behavior: an empirical study based on Chinese manufacturing enterprises. Current Psychology, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02233-1
Jing, J., & Yan, J. (2022). Study on the effect of employees’ perceived organizational support, psychological ownership, and turnover intention: A case of China’s employee. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10), 6016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106016
Jo, H., Aryee, S., Hsiung, H. H., & Guest, D. (2021). Service-oriented high-performance work systems and service role performance: Applying an integrated extended self and psychological ownership framework. Human Relations, 21(6), 789–816. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267211035656
Karatepe, O. M., & Avci, T. (2019). Nurses’ perceptions of job embeddedness in public hospitals. SAGE Open, 9(1), 2158244019828848. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019828848
Kazmi, S. J. A., & Abbas, J. (2021). Examining the impact of industry 4.0 on labor market in Pakistan. In Handbook of Smart Materials, Technologies, and Devices (pp. 1–11). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58675-1_80-1
Keith, N., & Frese, M. (2008). Effectiveness of error management training: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.59
Kiazad, K., Holtom, B. C., Hom, P. W., & Newman, A. (2015). Job embeddedness: A multifoci theoretical extension. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(3), 641–659. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038919
Kiazad, K., Kraimer, M. L., Seibert, S. E., & Sargent, L. (2020). Understanding organizational embeddedness and career success: Who and what you know. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(7), 678–693. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2464
Ko, E. H., & Yoon, D. Y. (2020). The effects of job embeddedness on performance behavior: Role of psychological ownership and perceived supervisory support. Korean Academy Of Leadership, 11(5), 39–70. https://doi.org/10.22243/tklq.2020.11.5.39
Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 11(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101
Kumar, P., Kumar, N., Aggarwal, P., & Yeap, J. A. L. (2021). Working in lockdown: the relationship between COVID-19 induced work stressors, job performance, distress, and life satisfaction. Current Psychology, 40(12), 6308–6323. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12144-021-01567-0/TABLES/4
Kumar, P., Pillai, R., Kumar, N., & Tabash, M. I. (2023). The interplay of skills, digital financial literacy, capability, and autonomy in financial decision making and well-being. Borsa Istanbul Review, 23(1), 169–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIR.2022.09.012
Lai, F. Y., Tang, H. C., Lu, S. C., Lee, Y. C., & Lin, C. C. (2020). Transformational leadership and job performance: The mediating role of work engagement. SAGE Open, 10(1), 2158244019899085. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019899085
Latukha, M., Michailova, S., Selivanovskikh, L., & Kozachuk, T. (2022). Talent management, organizational ambidexterity, and firm performance: Evidence from Russian firms. Thunderbird International Business Review, 64(5), 379–392. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22251
Lee, J. Y., Seo, Y., Jeung, W., & Kim, J. H. (2019). How ambidextrous organizational culture affects job performance: A multilevel study of the mediating effect of psychological capital. Journal of Management and Organization, 25(6), 860–875. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2017.38
Lee, K., & Kim, Y. (2021). Ambidexterity for my Job or Firm? Investigation of the impacts of psychological ownership on exploitation, exploration, and ambidexterity. European Management Review, 18(2), 141–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12431
Leong, C. T., & Rasli, A. (2014). The relationship between innovative work behavior on work role performance: An empirical study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 129, 592–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.717
Li, P. Y., & Huang, K. F. (2019). The antecedents of innovation performance: the moderating role of top management team diversity. Baltic Journal of Management, 14(2), 291–311. https://doi.org/10.1108/BJM-07-2017-0202
Liao, P. Y., Collins, B. J., Chen, S. Y., & Juang, B. S. (2021). Does organization-based self-esteem mediate the relationships between on-the-job embeddedness and job behaviors? Current Psychology, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02284-4
Lin, C. P., & Cheung, Y. K. (2022). Developing learning ambidexterity and job performance: Training and educational implications across the cultural divide. Review of Managerial Science, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-022-00565-1
Liu, F., Chow, I. H. S., Zhang, J. C., & Huang, M. (2019). Organizational innovation climate and individual innovative behavior: exploring the moderating effects of psychological ownership and psychological empowerment. Review of Managerial Science, 13(4), 771–789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-017-0263-y
Luo, Y., Huang, Y., & Wang, S. L. (2012). Guanxi and organizational performance: A meta-analysis. Management and Organization Review, 8(1), 139–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2011.00273.x
March, J. G. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 71–87. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2.1.71
Martín-Hernández, P., Ramos, J., Zornoza, A., Lira, E. M., & Peiró, J. M. (2020). Mindfulness and job control as moderators of the relationship between demands and innovative work behaviours. Revista de Psicologia del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 36(2), 95–101. https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2020a9
Mason, C. H., & Perreault, W. D. (1991). Collinearity, power, and interpretation of multiple regression analysis. Journal of Marketing Research, 28(3), 268. https://doi.org/10.2307/3172863
Maxwell, A. E., & Harman, H. H. (1968). Modern Factor Analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General) (Vol. 131). University of Chicago press. https://doi.org/10.2307/2343736
Md-Sidin, S., Sambasivan, M., & Muniandy, N. (2009). Impact of psychological ownership on the performance of business school lecturers. Journal of Education for Business, 85(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832320903217903
Mehmood, S. A., Malik, M. A. R., Akhtar, S., Faraz, M., & Memon, M. A. (2021). Organizational justice, psychological ownership and organizational embeddedness: a conservation of resources perspective. International Journal of Manpower, 42(8), 1420–1439. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-06-2020-0296
Messmann, G., & Mulder, R. H. (2015). Reflection as a facilitator of teachers’ innovative work behaviour. International Journal of Training and Development, 19(2), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12052
Miron-Spektor, E., Ingram, A., Keller, J., Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2018). Microfoundations of organizational paradox: The problem is how we think about the problem. Academy of Management Journal, 61(1), 26–45. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2016.0594
Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., Sablynski, C. J., & Erez, M. (2001). Why people stay: Using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 1102–1121. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069391
Mitrany, D. (1945). Methodology of the Social Sciences. Nature, 156(3958), 278–279. https://doi.org/10.1038/156278a0
Mom, T. J. M., Chang, Y. Y., Cholakova, M., & Jansen, J. J. P. (2019). A multilevel integrated framework of firm HR practices, individual ambidexterity, and organizational ambidexterity. Journal of Management, 45(7), 3009–3034. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206318776775
Motowidlo, S. J., Borman, W. C., & Schmit, M. J. (1997). A theory of individual differences in task and contextual performance. Human Performance, 10(2), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_1
Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2010). The impact of job embeddedness on innovation-related behaviors. Human Resource Management, 49(6), 1067–1087. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20390
Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2013). A meta-analysis of the relationships of age and tenure with innovationrelated behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(4), 585–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12031
Norouzinik, Y., Rahimnia, F., Maharati, Y., & Eslami, G. (2022). Narcissistic leadership and employees’ innovative behaviour: mediating roles of job embeddedness and job engagement. Innovation: Organization and Management, 24(3), 355–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/14479338.2021.1897467
O’Driscoll, M. P., Pierce, J. L., & Coghlan, A. M. (2006). The psychology of ownership: Work environment structure, organizational commitment, and citizenship behaviors. Group and Organization Management, 31(3), 388–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601104273066
Papachroni, A., Heracleous, L., & Paroutis, S. (2015). Organizational ambidexterity through the lens of paradox theory: Building a novel research agenda. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 51(1), 71–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886314553101
Park, C. H., Kim, W., & Song, J. H. (2015). The impact of ethical leadership on employees’ in-role performance: The mediating effect of employees’ psychological ownership. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 26(4), 385–408. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21217
Pierce, J. L., Kostova, T., & Dirks, K. T. (2001). Toward a theory of psychological ownership in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 298–310. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2001.4378028
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Prieto-Pastor, I., & Martin-Perez, V. (2015). Does HRM generate ambidextrous employees for ambidextrous learning? The moderating role of management support. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(5), 589–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.938682
Qian, S., Yuan, Q., Niu, W., & Liu, Z. (2019). Is job insecurity always bad? The moderating role of job embeddedness in the relationship between job insecurity and job performance. Journal of Management and Organization, 10(7), 956–972. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.77
Rafiq, M., Farrukh, M., Attiq, S., Shahzad, F., & Khan, I. (2023). Linking job crafting, innovation performance, and career satisfaction: The mediating role of work engagement. Work (Reading, Mass.), 75(3), 877–886. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-211363
Rafiq, M., Shahzad, F., Farrukh, M., & Khan, I. (2022). The psychological mechanism linking life satisfaction and turnover intention among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Work (Reading, Mass.), 71(3), 505–514. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-210995
Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). Gain more insight from your PLS-SEM results. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(9), 1865–1886. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-10-2015-0449
Ringle, C. M., & Wende, S., & Jan-Michael, B. (2022). SmartPLS 4. Oststeinbek: SmartPLS. https://www.smartpls.com. Accessed 20 Jul 2023.
Rosing, K., & Zacher, H. (2017). Individual ambidexterity: the duality of exploration and exploitation and its relationship with innovative performance. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(5), 694–709. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2016.1238358
Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J. H., Becker, J. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australasian Marketing Journal, 27(3), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.05.003
Schaffer, B. S., & Riordan, C. M. (2003). A review of cross-cultural methodologies for organizational research: A best-practices approach. Organizational Research Methods, 6(2), 169–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428103251542
Shah, I. A., Yadav, A., Afzal, F., Shah, S. M. Z. A., Junaid, D., Azam, S., et al. (2020). Factors Affecting Staff Turnover of Young Academics: Job Embeddedness and Creative Work Performance in Higher Academic Institutions. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 570345. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570345
Shieh, G. (2010). On the misconception of multicollinearity in detection of moderating effects: Multicollinearity is not always detrimental. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45(3), 483–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2010.483393
Simanjuntak, J., Raja, P. L., & Lubis, A. N. (2018). Effect of human resources development, work environment and compensation to bhabinkamtibmas performance with work satisfaction as intervening variables on Bhabinkamtibmas polres deli Serdang. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 7(4), 136–159.
Singh, V., & Agrawal, A. (2017). Impact of business environment on balancing innovation process in Indian SMEs. International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, 12(2), 224–239. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBIR.2017.081404
Smith, W. K., & Tushman, M. L. (2005). Managing strategic contradictions: A top management model for managing innovation streams. Organization Science. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1050.0134
Stone, M. (1974). Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 36(2), 111–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1974.tb00994.x
Su, X., Wong, V., & Liang, K. (2021). The indirect effect of autonomy on job satisfaction through collective psychological ownership: the case of social workers in China. Current Psychology, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02194-5
Tajeddini, K., & Martin, E. (2020). The importance of human-related factors on service innovation and performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 85(2), 102431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102431
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2019). The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior. In Political Psychology (pp. 276–293). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203505984-16
Teng, Y., Chen, X., & Ma, L. (2021). Research on the influence of job embeddedness on individuals with different initiative. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 19(6), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2021.1960042
Turner, J. C. (1985). Social categorization and the self-concept: a social cognitive theory of group behaviour. In Advances in group processes (pp. 77–122).
Turner, J. C. (1981). Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition, 1(2), 93–118. http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1982-12053-001. Accessed 21 Dec 2018
van Zyl, L. E., van Oort, A., Rispens, S., & Olckers, C. (2021). Work engagement and task performance within a global Dutch ICT-consulting firm: The mediating role of innovative work behaviors. Current Psychology, 40(8), 4012–4023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00339-1
Venkatesh, V., Cheung, C., Davis, F., & Lee, Z. (2023). Cyberslacking in the Workplace: Antecedents and Effects on Job Performance. MIS Quarterly, 47(1), 281–316. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2022/14985
Wang, C. H., & Chen, H. T. (2020). Relationships among workplace incivility, work engagement and job performance. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 3(4), 415–429. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-09-2019-0105
Wang, L., Law, K. S., Zhang, M. J., Li, Y. N., & Liang, Y. (2019). It’s mine! psychological ownership of one’s job explains positive and negative workplace outcomes of job engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(2), 229–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000337
Wang, S., Wang, H., Wang, J., & Yang, F. (2020). Does environmental information disclosure contribute to improve firm financial performance? An examination of the underlying mechanism. Science of the Total Environment, 714, 136855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136855
Wang, Y. L. L., & Ellinger, A. D. (2011). Organizational learning: Perception of external environment and innovation performance. International Journal of Manpower, 32(5), 512–536. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437721111158189
Widianto, S., Abdullah, R., Kautsar, A. P., & Meiyanti, S. (2012). The effect of job embeddedness on work engagement and innovative behavior. SSRN Electronic Journal, 21(8), 2180736. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2180736
Widmann, A., Mulder, R. H., & König, C. (2019). Team learning behaviours as predictors of innovative work behaviour–a longitudinal study. Innovation: Organization and Management, 21(2), 298–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/14479338.2018.1530567
Woo, C. H., Park, J. Y., & Kim, H. W. (2019). Effects of psychological ownership, self-leadership, and social exchange relationships on innovative behavior of military hospital personnel. Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing, 28(3), 166–175.
Zacher, H., Robinson, A. J., & Rosing, K. (2016). Ambidextrous leadership and employees’ self-reported innovative performance: The role of exploration and exploitation behaviors. Journal of Creative Behavior, 50(1), 24–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.66
Zhang, Y., Liu, G., Zhang, L., Xu, S., & Cheung, M. W. L. (2021). Psychological ownership: A meta-analysis and comparison of multiple forms of attachment in the workplace. Journal of Management, 47(3), 745–770. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206320917195
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
TB and DJ designed and coordinated the study; DJ and SL carried out experiments and data process; FS drafted the manuscript and supervision; TB, SL, and FS review-revise the manuscript. All authors gave the final approval for publication.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
The researchers ensured complete compliance with ethical considerations in accordance with the recommendations of the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct of the American Psychological Association (APA).
Competing interests
None of the respondents was forced to provide data, and their identification was not shown in the research. The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Bai, T., Jia, D., Liu, S. et al. Psychological ownership and ambidexterity influence the innovative work behavior and job performance of SME employees: a mediating role of job embeddedness. Curr Psychol 43, 14304–14323 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05399-y
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05399-y