Abstract
Generation Z is a high-risk population for developing problematic smartphone use, while adolescence is a high-risk period for developing anxiety symptoms. It is unclear whether, how, and when problematic smartphone use predicts anxiety symptoms among Generation Z adolescents with problematic smartphone use. This study examines a moderated mediating model involving the link between problematic smartphone use, anxiety symptoms, state core self-evaluation, and positive coping style among Generation Z adolescents with problematic smartphone use. This study recruited 480 Generation Z adolescent users and selected 121 Generation Z adolescents who reported high-level problematic smartphone use. Results show that when Generation Z adolescents have low and medium positive coping styles, their problematic smartphone use predicts anxiety symptoms through the mediating role of reduced state core self-evaluation (positive coping style = M − 1SD, b = 0.28, Bootstrap 95% CI [0.06–0.52]; positive coping style = M, b = 0.13, Bootstrap 95% CI [0.03–0.28]). Therefore, positive coping styles with low and medium levels would be ineffective in reducing the anxiety outcome of problematic smartphone use among Generation Z adolescents with problematic smartphone use.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data, materials and code used to obtain the results in this paper are available from the first author and the correspond author by reasonable request.
Change history
11 August 2023
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05076-0
References
Albursan, I. S., Al. Qudah, M. F., Al-Barashdi, H. S., Bakhiet, S. F., Darandari, E., Al-Asqah, S. S., & Albursan, H. I. (2022). Smartphone addiction among University students in light of the COVID-19 pandemic: Prevalence, relationship to academic procrastination, quality of life, gender and Educational Stage. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 10439. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610439.
Aldrup, K., Klusmann, U., & Lüdtke, O. (2020). Reciprocal associations between students’ mathematics anxiety and achievement: Can teacher sensitivity make a difference? Journal of Educational Psychology, 112(4), 735–750. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000398.
Alqahtani, F., & Orji, R. (2020). Insights from user reviews to improve mental health apps. Health Informatics Journal, 26(3), 2042–2066. https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458219896492.
Ameen, N., Cheah, J. H., & Kumar, S. (2022). It’s all part of the customer journey: The impact of augmented reality, chatbots, and social media on the body image and self-esteem of Generation Z female consumers. Psychology & Marketing, 39(11), 2110–2129. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21715.
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., Aichhorn, W., & Barth, A. (2023). The association between problematic smartphone use and symptoms of anxiety and depression—a meta-analysis. Journal of Public Health, 45(1), 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdab350.
Berte, D. Z., Mahamid, F. A., & Affouneh, S. (2021). Internet addiction and perceived self-efficacy among university students. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(1), 162–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00160-8.
Billieux, J., Maurage, P., Lopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioral addiction? An update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0054-y.
Brand, M., Wegmann, E., Stark, R., Müller, A., Wölfling, K., Robbins, T. W., & Potenza, M. N. (2019). The Interaction of person-affect-cognition-execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 104, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032.
Busch, P. A., & McCarthy, S. (2021). Antecedents and consequences of problematic smartphone use: A systematic literature review of an emerging research area. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, 106414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106414.
Cheever, N. A., Rosen, L. D., Carrier, L. M., & Chavez, A. (2014). Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 290–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002.
Cheung, M. L., Leung, W. K., & Chan, H. (2020). Driving healthcare wearable technology adoption for Generation Z consumers in Hong Kong. Young Consumers, 22(1), 10–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-04-2020-1123.
Clayton, R. B., Leshner, G., & Almond, A. (2015). The extended self: The impact of iPhone separation on cognition, emotion, and physiology. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(2), 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12109.
Cross, B. J., Collard, J. J., & Levidi, M. D. C. (2021). Core self-evaluation, rumination and forgiveness as an influence on emotional distress. Current Psychology, 42, 2087–2099. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01628-4.
Davis, R. A. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8.
de Boer, S. F., Buwalda, B., & Koolhaas, J. M. (2017). Untangling the neurobiology of coping styles in rodents: Towards neural mechanisms underlying individual differences in disease susceptibility. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 74, 401–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.008.
de Freitas, B. H. B. M., Gaíva, M. A. M., Diogo, P. M. J., & Bortolini, J. (2022). Relationship between Lifestyle and Self-Reported smartphone addiction in adolescents in the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 65, 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2022.03.001.
Dedkova, L., Machackova, H., & Smahel, D. (2022). Information and Communication Technologies and well-being. The Routledge International Handbook of Children, Adolescents, and media. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323114533050a.
Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., & Covi, L. (1973). SCL-90: An outpatient psychiatric rating scale–preliminary report. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 9(1), 13–28. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4682398/.
Donaldson, C. D., Handren, L. M., & Lac, A. (2017). Applying multilevel modeling to understand individual and cross-cultural variations in attitudes toward homosexual people across 28 european countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(1), 93–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022116672488.
Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2019). The relationship between anxiety symptom severity and problematic smartphone use: A review of the literature and conceptual frameworks. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 62, 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.11.005.
Elhai, J. D., Sapci, O., Yang, H., Amialchuk, A., Rozgonjuk, D., & Montag, C. (2021). Objectively-measured and self‐reported smartphone use in relation to surface learning, procrastination, academic productivity, and psychopathology symptoms in college students. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 3(5), 912–921. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.254.
Flayelle, M., Schimmenti, A., Starcevic, V., & Billieux, J. (2022). The pitfalls of recycling substance-use disorder criteria to diagnose behavioral addictions. In Evaluating the Brain Disease Model of Addiction. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003032762.
Fowler, J., Gullo, M. J., & Elphinston, R. A. (2020). Impulsivity traits and Facebook addiction in young people and the potential mediating role of coping styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 161, 109965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109965.
Fu, W., Wang, C., Zou, L., Guo, Y., Lu, Z., Yan, S., & Mao, J. (2020). Psychological health, sleep quality, and coping styles to stress facing the COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Translational psychiatry, 10(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-00913-3.
Galbava, S., Machackova, H., & Dedkova, L. (2021). Cyberostracism: Emotional and behavioral consequences in social media interactions. [Ciberostracismo: Consecuencias emocionales y conductuales en las interacciones en redes sociales]. Comunicar, 67, 9–20. https://doi.org/10.3916/C67-2021-01.
Gao, T., Li, J., Zhang, H., Gao, J., Kong, Y., Hu, Y., & Mei, S. (2018). The influence of alexithymia on mobile phone addiction: The role of depression, anxiety and stress. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 761–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.020.
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2018). Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 32(7), 1401–1408. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1232698.
Gökçearslan, Ş., Mumcu, F. K., Haşlaman, T., & Çevik, Y. D. (2016). Modelling smartphone addiction: The role of smartphone usage, self-regulation, general self-efficacy and cyberloafing in university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 639–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.091.
Gugushvili, N., Täht, K., Rozgonjuk, D., Raudlam, M., Ruiter, R., & Verduyn, P. (2020). Two dimensions of problematic smartphone use mediate the relationship between fear of missing out and emotional well-being. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 14(2), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2020-2-3
Hankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (2001). Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive vulnerability–transactional stress theory. Psychological Bulletin, 127(6), 773–796. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.773.
Harman, H. H. (1976). Modern factor analysis (3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
Harris, B., Regan, T., Schueler, J., & Fields, S. A. (2020). Problematic mobile phone and smartphone use scales: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 672. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00672.
Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/refhub/S10715819(20)30153-1/sbref0021
Ho, T. T. Q., & Gu, C. (2021). Cyberbullying victimization and depression: Self-esteem as a mediator and approach coping strategies as moderators. Journal of American College Health, 71(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1877718.
Hou, J., Ndasauka, Y., Jiang, Y., Ye, Z., Wang, Y., Yang, L., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Pang, L., Kong, Y., Xu, F., & Zhang, X. (2017). Excessive use of WeChat, social interaction and locus of control among college students in China. Plos One, 12(8), e0183633. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183633.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55.https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Jiang, X., Ji, L., Chen, Y., Zhou, C., Ge, C., & Zhang, X. (2021). How to improve the well-being of youths: An exploratory study of the relationships among coping style, emotion regulation, and subjective well-being using the random forest classification and structural equation modeling. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 637712. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637712.
Jozani, M., Ayaburi, E., Ko, M., & Choo, K. K. R. (2020). Privacy concerns and benefits of engagement with social media-enabled apps: A privacy calculus perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 107, 106260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106260.
Judge, T. A., & Hurst, C. (2008). How the rich (and happy) get richer (and happier): Relationship of core self-evaluations to trajectories in attaining work success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 849–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.849.
Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., & Locke, E. A. (2000). Personality and job satisfaction: The mediating role of job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(2), 237–249. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.85.2.237.
Judge, T. A., Hulin, C. L., & Dalal, R. S. (2012). Job satisfaction and job affect. Kozlowski (Ed.), the Oxford handbook of organizational psychology (pp. 496–525). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199928309.001.0001.
Kardefelt-Winther, D., Heeren, A., Schimmenti, A., van Rooij, A., Maurage, P., Carras, M., & Billieux, J. (2017). How can we conceptualize behavioural addiction without pathologizing common behaviours? Addiction, 112(10), 1709–1715. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13763.
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY, USA: Guilford Publications. https://doi.org/10.25336/csp29418.
Kong, F., Liu, G., Gao, Q., & Deng, J. (2021). From early to late adolescence: Effect of problematic mobile phone use on depression of adolescents. School Psychology International, 42(6), 638–656. https://doi.org/10.1177/01430343211039266.
Kumar, M., & Mondal, A. (2018). A study on internet addiction and its relation to psychopathology and self-esteem among college students. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 27(1), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_61_17.
Kuss, D. J., Kristensen, A. M., & Lopez-Fernandez, O. (2021). Internet addictions outside of Europe: A systematic literature review. Computers in Human Behavior, 115, 106621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106621.
Lan, Y., Ding, J. E., Li, W., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, M., & Fu, H. (2018). A pilot study of a group mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral intervention for smartphone addiction among university students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 1171–1176. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.103.
Leung, L. (2008). Linking psychological attributes to addiction and improper use of the mobile phone among adolescents in Hong Kong. Journal of Children and Media, 2(2), 93–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482790802078565.
Li, D., Zhang, W., Li, X., Zhou, Y., Zhao, L., & Wang, Y. (2016). Stressful life events and adolescent internet addiction: The mediating role of psychological needs satisfaction and the moderating role of coping style. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 408–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.070.
Liu, C., Ren, L., Li, K., Yang, W., Li, Y., Rotaru, K., & Albertella, L. (2022). Understanding the association between intolerance of uncertainty and problematic smartphone use: a network analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022a.917833
Liu, Q., Wu, J., Zhou, Z., & Wang, W. (2022). Smartphone use can modify the body schema: An ERP study based on hand mental rotation task. Computers in Human Behavior, 128, 107134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107134.
Lu, D. M., Sun, N., Hong, S., Fan, Y. Y., Kong, F. Y., & Li, Q. J. (2015). Occupational stress and coping strategies among emergency department nurses of China. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 29(4), 208–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2014.11.006.
Lu, G. L., Ding, Y. M., Zhang, Y. M., Huang, H. T., Liang, Y. P., & Chen, C. R. (2021). The correlation between mobile phone addiction and coping style among chinese adolescents: A meta-analysis. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 15(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-021-00413-2.
Ma, K., Pitner, R., Sakamoto, I., & Park, H. Y. (2020). Challenges in acculturation among international students from asian collectivist cultures. Higher Education Studies, 10(3), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v10n3p34.
Marciano, L., Camerini, A. L., & Schulz, P. J. (2022). Neuroticism and internet addiction: What is next? A systematic conceptual review. Personality and Individual Differences, 185, 111260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111260.
Mariani, R., Renzi, A., Di Trani, M., Trabucchi, G., Danskin, K., & Tambelli, R. (2020). The impact of coping strategies and perceived family support on depressive and anxious symptomatology during the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) lockdown. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 587724. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.587724.
McNeil, D. G., Loi, N. M., & Bullen, R. (2022). Investigating the moderating role of coping style on music performance anxiety and perfectionism. International Journal of Music Education, 40(4), 587–597. https://doi.org/10.1177/02557614221080523.
Mehmood, A., Bu, T., Zhao, E., Zelenina, V., Alexander, N., Wang, W., & Yang, Y. (2021). Exploration of psychological mechanism of smartphone addiction among international students of China by selecting the framework of the I-PACE model. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 758610. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.758610.
Mohr, D. C., Lyon, A. R., Lattie, E. G., Reddy, M., & Schueller, S. M. (2017). Accelerating digital mental health research from early design and creation to successful implementation and sustainment. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(5), e7725. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.7725.
Ng, S. I., Ho, J. A., Lim, X. J., Chong, K. L., & Latiff, K. (2019). Mirror, mirror on the wall, are we ready for Gen-Z in marketplace? A study of smart retailing technology in Malaysia. Young Consumers, 22(1), 68–89. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-06-2019-1006.
Niu, G. F., Shi, X. H., Yang, W. C., Jin, S. Y., & Sun, X. J. (2022). Can smartphone presence affect cognitive function? The moderating role of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 136, 107399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107399.
Olson, J. A., Sandra, D. A., Colucci, É. S., Bikaii, A., Chmoulevitch, A., Nahas, D., & Veissière, J., S. P (2022). Smartphone addiction is increasing across the world: A meta-analysis of 24 countries. Computers in Human Behavior, 129, 107138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107138.
Özer, E., Hamarta, E., & Deniz, M. E. (2016). Emotional intelligence, core-self evaluation, and life satisfaction. Psychology, 7(2), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2016.72017.
Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 252–259. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.49.
Peláez-Fernández, M. A., Rey, L., & Extremera, N. (2019). Psychological distress among the unemployed: Do core self-evaluations and emotional intelligence help to minimize the psychological costs of unemployment? Journal of Affective Disorders, 256, 627–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.042.
Podsakof, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12, 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408.
Riding, R. J. (1997). On the nature of cognitive style. Educational Psychology, 17(1–2), 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341970170102.
Rozgonjuk, D., Pruunsild, P., Jürimäe, K., Schwarz, R. J., & Aru, J. (2020). Instagram use frequency is associated with problematic smartphone use, but not with depression and anxiety symptom severity. Mobile Media & Communication, 8(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157920910190
Rozgonjuk, D., Sindermann, C., Elhai, J. D., Christensen, A. P., & Montag, C. (2020). Associations between symptoms of problematic smartphone, Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram use: An item-level exploratory graph analysis perspective. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00036.
Rozgonjuk, D., Elhai, J. D., Sapci, O., & Montag, C. (2021). Discrepancies between Self-Reports and Behavior: Fear of missing out (FoMO), self-reported problematic smartphone Use Severity, and objectively measured Smartphone Use. Digital Psychology, 2(2), https://doi.org/10.24989/dp.v2i2.2002.
Salimon, M. G., Aliyu, O. A., Yusr, M. M., & Perumal, S. (2021). Smartphone banking usage in Nigeria: Gamification, technology acceptance and cultural factors empirical perspectives. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 87(4), e12174. https://doi.org/10.1002/isd2.12174
Seligman, M. (2010). Flourish: Positive psychology and positive interventions The Tanner lectures on human values, 31(4), 1–56. https://tannerlectures.utah.edu/_resources/documents/a-to-z/s/Seligman_10.pdf
Smahel, D., Gulec, H., Lokajova, A., Dedkova, L., & Machackova, H. (2022). The integrative model of ICT effects on Adolescents’ well-being (iMEW): The synthesis of theories from developmental psychology, media and communications, and health. European Journal of Developmental Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2022.2135501
Sohn, S. Y., Rees, P., Wildridge, B., Kalk, N. J., & Carter, B. (2019). Prevalence of problematic smartphone usage and associated mental health outcomes amongst children and young people: A systematic review, meta-analysis and GRADE of the evidence. Bmc Psychiatry, 19(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2350-x.
Stein, D. J., Palk, A. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2021). What is a mental disorder? An exemplar-focused approach. Psychological Medicine, 51(6), 894–901. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721001185.
Tang, S., Werner-Seidler, A., Torok, M., Mackinnon, A. J., & Christensen, H. (2021). The relationship between screen time and mental health in young people: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 86, 102021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102021.
Tocci, M. C., Converse, P. D., & Moon, N. A. (2020). Core self-evaluations over Time. Journal of Individual Differences, 41, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000314.
Tomek, S., Moore, H., Hooper, L. M., Bolland, A. C., Robinson, C. D., & Bolland, J. M. (2020). A longitudinal study of the impact of school delinquency on self-worth development among black american adolescents. Journal of Community Psychology, 48(7), 2391–2409. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22426.
Vaghefi, I., Lapointe, L., & Boudreau-Pinsonneault, C. (2017). A typology of user liability to IT addiction. Information Systems Journal, 27(2), 125–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12098.
Vahedi, Z., & Saiphoo, A. (2018). The association between smartphone use, stress, and anxiety: A meta-analytic review. Stress and Health, 34(3), 347–358. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2805.
Wang, Y. (2023). Probing into the boredom of online instruction among Chinese English language teachers during the Covid-19 pandemic. Current Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04223-3
Wang, P., & Lei, L. (2021). How does problematic smartphone use impair adolescent self-esteem? A moderated mediation analysis. Current Psychology, 40(6), 2910–2916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00232-x.
Wang, Y., Zou, Z., Song, H., Xu, X., Wang, H., d’Oleire Uquillas, F., & Huang, X. (2016). Altered gray matter volume and white matter integrity in college students with mobile phone dependence. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 597. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00597.
Wang, Z., Rimfeld, K., Shakeshaft, N., Schofield, K., & Malanchini, M. (2020). The longitudinal role of mathematics anxiety in mathematics development: Issues of gender differences and domain-specificity. Journal of Adolescence, 80, 220–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.03.003.
Wang, Y., Derakhshan, A., & Zhang, L. J. (2021). Researching and practicing positive psychology in second/foreign language learning and teaching: The past, current status and future directions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 731721. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731721.
Wang, Y., Derakhshan, A., & Pan, Z. (2022). Positioning an agenda on a loving pedagogy in second language acquisition: Conceptualization, practice, and research. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 894190. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.894190.
Wolf, J. J., McVeigh, J., Vallières, F., Hyland, P., & MacLachlan, M. (2020). Death anxiety, self-worth, and exposure to human donor remains: A longitudinal study of irish medical students. Death Studies, 46(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1783030.
Xiang, Y., Zhao, J., Li, Q., Zhang, W., Dong, X., & Zhao, J. (2019). Effect of core self-evaluation on mental health symptoms among chinese college students: The mediating roles of benign and malicious envy. Psychiatric Annals, 49(6), 277–284. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20190508-01.
Xie, Y. N. (1998). Reliability and validity of the stress-coping inventory. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 6(2), 114–115. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=3uoqIhG8C44YLTlOAiTRKjkpgKvITTTFgWE72QIAEoDJio-XYSwJooa_sBi8MeWjEUtu&uniplatform=NZKPT.
Yi-Cheon Yim, M., Sauer, L., Williams, P., Lee, J., S. J., & Macrury, I. (2014). Drivers of attitudes toward luxury brands: A cross-national investigation into the roles of interpersonal influence and brand consciousness. International Marketing Review, 31(4), 363–389. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-04-2011-0121.
Yum, J. O. (1988). The impact of confucianism on interpersonal relationships and communication patterns in East Asia. Communications Monographs, 55(4), 374–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637758809376178.
Funding
No funds, grants, or other support was received.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization: Xinyi Wei, Li Lei, Xiaoyuan Chu, Pan Zeng, Lei Ren, Chang Liu, Data curation: Xinyi Wei, Hongxia Wang, Jingyu Geng; Methodology: Xinyi Wei, Xiaoyuan Chu, Pan Zeng, Lei Ren, Chang Liu; Formal Analysis: Xinyi Wei, Xiaoyuan Chu, Hongxia Wang, Jingyu Geng; Supervision: Li Lei, Writing – original draft: Xinyi Wei; Writing – review & editing: Xinyi Wei, Li Lei, Xiaoyuan Chu,, Pan Zeng, Lei Ren, Chang Liu.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Ethics approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the ethics committee of department of psychology at Renmin university of China (IRB No. 22 − 011).
Consent to Participate
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study and their parents and teachers.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The original version of this article has been revised. The copyright name has been updated.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Wei, X., Chu, X., Wang, H. et al. Does positive coping style alleviate anxiety symptoms after appearing problematic smartphone use for generation Z adolescents? The mediating role of state core self-evaluation. Curr Psychol 43, 6783–6795 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04776-x
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04776-x