Abstract
This research aims to bring new evidence concerning the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Flourishing Scale (FS-P) in a sample of the general Portuguese population. Participants consisted of 396 Portuguese adults between 18 and 52 years of age. We collected data mainly via an online survey following a snowball sampling strategy. We analyzed FS-P validity evidence based on its internal structure, measurement invariance across gender, reliability of test scores, homogeneity indices of the items, and validity evidence based on association with measures on life satisfaction (single-item), self-esteem (RSES), self-control (SCBS), loneliness (DJGLS), depression (CES-D 10), and distress (K6+). Confirmatory factor analysis showed a one-factor solution. Configural, metric, and scalar invariance across gender was tenable with adequate fit indices. The reliability analysis showed adequate internal consistency (McDonald’s Omega = 0.88) and adequate homogeneity indices for all items. We obtained positive correlations between FS-P scores and measures on life satisfaction, self-esteem, and self-control, and negative correlations with scores on loneliness, depression, and distress (significance level of 0.05). All correlations values were close to |0.50|. These results sustain the importance of such a practical short scale in research and clinical contexts.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets analyzed during the current study are available in the Malaga University Institutional repository, https://hdl.handle.net/10630/20325.
References
AL-Dossary, S. (2021). Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Arabic version of the Flourishing Scale. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 13(2), 20–27. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v13n2p20
Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994). Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10(2), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(18)30622-6
Araújo, L., Ribeiro, O., & Paúl, C. (2017). Hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in old age through positive psychology studies: A scoping review. Anales De Psicología, 33(3), 568–577. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.3.265621
Bardales, M. C., & Uribe, P. M. (2017). Validación de las escalas de bienestar, florecimiento y afectividad. Pensamiento Psicológico, 15(1), 19–31.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
Bentler, P. M. (2006). Equation6 Structural equations program manual. Multivariate Software, Inc.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. Bollen, & J. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Sage.
Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526
Byrne, B. (2008). Testing for multigroup equivalence of a measuring instrument: A walk through the process. Psicothema, 20(4), 872–882.
Byrne, B., & Stewart, S. (2006). The MACS approach to testing for multigroup invariance of a second-order structure: A walk through the process. Structural Equation Modeling, 13, 287–321. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1302_7
Checa, I., Perales, J., & Espejo, B. (2018). Spanish validation of the Flourishing Scale in the general population. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 37(4), 949–956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9581-0
Chen, F. F., Sousa, K. H., & West, S. G. (2005). Testing measurement invariance of the second-order factor models. Structural Equation Modeling, 12, 471–492. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1203_7
Cheung, F., & Lucas, R. E. (2014). Assessing the validity of single-item life satisfaction measures: Results from three large samples. Quality of Life Research, 23(10), 2809-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-014-0726-4
Cieciuch, J., & Davidov, E. (2015). Establishing measurement invariance across online and offline samples. A tutorial with the software packages Amos and Mplus. Studia Psychologica, 15, 83–99. https://doi.org/10.21697/sp.2015.14.2.06
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cole, S. W., Levine, M. E., Arevalo, J. M., Ma, J., Weir, D. R., & Crimmins, E. M. (2015). Loneliness, eudaimonia, and the human conserved transcriptional response to adversity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 62, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.001
Choudhry, F. R., Al-Worafi, Y. M., Akram, B., Ahmed, M. A., Anwar ul Haq, M., Khan, T. M., & Golden, K. J. (2018). Factor Structure of Urdu version of the Flourishing Scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01513
Cooper, R. (2017). Understanding the DSM-5: Stasis and change. History of Psychiatry, 29(1), 49–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957154X17741783
De Jong Gierveld, J., & Kamphuls, F. (1985). The development of a Rasch-Type Loneliness Scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(3), 289–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662168500900307
De Jong Gierveld, J., & Van Tilburg. (2010). The De Jong Gielverd shor scales for emotional and social loneliness: teste on data from 7 countries in yhe UN generations and gender surveys. European Journal of Ageing, 7, 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-010-0144-6
De la Fuente, R., Parra, A., & Sánchez-Queija, I. (2017). Psychometric properties of the Flourishing Scale and measurement invariance between two samples of Spanish university students. Evaluation and the Health Professions, 40(4), 409–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278717703446
De Vaus, D. (2002). Analyzing social science data: 50 key problems in data analysis. Sage.
Didino, D., Taran, E. A., Barysheva, G. A., & Casati, F. (2019). Psychometric evaluation of the Russian version of the Flourishing Scale in a sample of older adults living in Siberia. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 17(34), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-019-1100-6
Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.653
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (2018). Advances in subjective well-being research. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(4), 253–260 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0307-6
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2009). New measures of well-being: Flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 39(1), 247–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_12
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
Di Fabio, A. (2016). Flourishing Scale: Primo contributo alla validazione dela versione Italiana. [Flourishing Scale: First contribution to the validation of the Italian version]. Counseling Giornale Italiano di Ricerca e Applicazioni, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.14605/CS911606
Duan, W., & Xie, D. (2016). Measuring adolescents flourishing: Psychometric properties of Flourishing Scale in a sample of Chinese adolescents. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 37(1), 131–135. https://doi.org/10.13165/SIIW-15-1-2-07
Esch, T., Jose, G., Gimpel, C., von Scheidt, C., & Michalsen, A. (2013). The Flourishing Scale (FS) by Diener et al. is now available in an authorized German version (FS-D): Application in mind-body medicine. Forschende Komplementarmedizin, 20(4), 267–275. https://doi.org/10.1159/000354414
Fonseca, P. N., Nascimento, B. S., Barbosa, L. H. G. M., Vione, K. C., & Gouveia, V. V. (2015). Flourishing Scale: Evidence of its suitability to the Brazilian context. Social inquiry into well-being, 1(2), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.13165/SIIW-15-1-2-07
Fordyce, M. W. (1988). A review of research on The Happiness Measures: A sixty second index of happiness and mental health. Social Indicators Research, 20(4), 355–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302333
Giuntoli, L., Ceccarini, F., Sica, C., & Caudek, C. (2017). Validation of the Italian version of the Flourishing Scale and of the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience. SAGE Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016682293
Grygiel, P., Humenny, G., & Rebisz, S. (2016). Using the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale with early adolescents: factor structure, reliability, stability and external validity. Assessment, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116682298
Heinrich, L. A., & Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 695–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002
Hojabrian, H., Rezaei, A. M., Bigdeli, I., Najafi, M., & Mohammadifar, M. A. (2018). Construction and validation of the Human Psychological Flourishing Scale (HPFS) in sociocultural context of Iran. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 6(2), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.29252/NIRP.JPCP.6.2
Hone, L. C., Jarden, A., & Schofield, G. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Flourishing Scale in a New Zealand sample. Social Indicators Research, 119(2), 1031–1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0501-x
Hone, L. C., Jarden, A., Schofield, G. M., & Duncan, S. (2014). Measuring flourishing: The impact of operational definitions on the prevalence of high levels of wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 4(1), 62–90. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v4i1.4
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for the indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Huppert, F. A., & So, T. T. C. (2009). What percentage of people in Europe are flourishing and what characterises them? Briefing document for the OECD/ISQOLS meeting “Measuring subjective well-being: an opportunity for NSOs?” 23/24 July, 2009, Florence, Italy.
Huppert, F. A., & So, T. T. C. (2013). Flourishing across Europe: Application of a new conceptual framework for defining well-being. Social Indicator Research, 110, 837–861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9966-7
Johnstone, M., & Mulherin, K. (2020). From distress to flourishing: towards a strengths-based approach for young mothers. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 38(2), 166–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2019.1621277
Jovanovic, V. (2016). The validity of the Satisfaction with Life Scale in adolescents and a comparison with single-item life satisfaction measures: a preliminary study. Quality of Life Research, 25(12), 3173–3180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-016-1331-5
Kessler, R. C., Barker, P. R., Colpe, L. J., Epstein, J. F., Gfroerer, J. C., Hiripi, E., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2003). Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(2), 184–189. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184
Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The Mental Health Continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197
Keyes, C. L. (2014). Happiness, flourishing, and life satisfaction. The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of health, illness, behavior, and society, 747–751. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118410868.wbehibs454
Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007–1022. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.82.6.1007
Kormi-Nouri, R., Farahani, M. N., & Trost, K. (2013). The role of positive and negative affect on well-being amongst Swedish and Iranian university students. Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(5), 435–443. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.823511
Kyriazos, T. A., Stalikas, A., Prassa, K., Yotsidi, V., Galanakis, M., & Pezirkianidis, C. (2018). Validation of the Flourishing Scale (FS), Greek version and evaluation of two well-being models. Psychology, 9(07), 1789–1813. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.97105
Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006824100041
Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 616–628.
Martín-Carbonell, M., Espejo, B., Checa, I., & Fernández-Daza, M. (2021). Adaptation and measurement invariance by gender of the Flourishing Scale in Colombian sample. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 2664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052664
Mohebbi, M., Nguyen, V., McNeil, J. J., Woods, R. L., Nelson, M. R., Shah, R. C., & Berk, M. (2018). Psychometric properties of a short form of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D-10) scale for screening depressive symptoms in healthy community dwelling older adults. General Hospital Psychiatry, 51, 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.08.002
Muñoz, C. P., & Nieto, B. B. (2019). Spanish version of the Flourishing Scale (FS) on the parents of children with cancer: A validation through Rasch Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 35. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00035
Muñoz, C. P., Umerenkova, A. G., Nieto, B. B., & Charry, C. L. (2016). Propiedades psicométricas y dimensionalidad de “The Flourishing Scale” en la población hispanohablante. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 14(1), 175–192. https://doi.org/10.14204/ejrep.38.15044
Niazi, S., & Adil, A. (2019). Urdu translation of Flourishing Scale: evidence for the validity and measurement invariance across gender. Applied Psychology Bulletin, 67(286), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.26387/bpa.286.2
Orkibi, H., Hamama, L., Gavriel-Fried, B., & Ronen, T. (2018). Pathways to adolescents’ flourishing: Linking self-control skills and positivity ratio through social support. Youth & Society, 50(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X15581171
Pezirkianidis, C., Stalikas, A., Lakioti, A., & Yotsidi, V. (2019). Validating a multidimensional measure of wellbeing in Greece: Translation, factor structure, and measurement invariance of the PERMA Profiler. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00236-7
Prezza, M., Trombaccia, F. R., & Armento, L. (1997). La scala dell’autostima di Rosenberg: Traduziones e validazione italiana. Bolletino di Psicología Applicata, 223, 35–44.
Quintão, S., Delgado, A. R., & Prieto, G. (2011). Avaliação da escala de auto-estima de Rosenberg mediante o modelo de Rasch. Psicologia, 25(2), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.17575/rpsicol.v25i2.289
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
Ramírez-Maestre, C., Correa, M., Rivas, T., López-Matínez, A. E., Serrano-Ibáñez, E. R., & Esteve, R. (2017). The factorial structure in two samples: Students and patients with chronic pain. Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 30–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.035. Psychometric characteristics of the Flourishing Scale-Spanish Version (FS-SV).
Romano, I., Ferro, M. A., Patte, K. A., Diener, E., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2020). Measurement Invariance of the Flourishing Scale among a large sample of Canadian Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 7800. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217800
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400876136
Russell, D. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20–40. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141–166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: a eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happines Studies, 9, 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
Salama-Younes, M. (2017). Psychometric properties of the Psychological Flourishing Scale in an Egyptian setting. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 27(4), 310–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2017.1347749
Santos, P. J., & Maia, J. (2003). Análise factorial confirmatória e validação preliminar de uma versão portuguesa da escala de auto-estima de Rosenberg. Psicologia:Teoria Investigação e Prática, 2, 253–268.
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A re-evaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1063–1078. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063
Schotanus-Dijkstra, M., ten Klooster, P. M., Drossaert, C. H., Pieterse, M. E., Bolier, L., Walburg, J. A., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2016). Validation of the Flourishing Scale in a sample of people with suboptimal levels of mental well-being. BMC Psychology, 4(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-016-0116-5
Schotanus-Dijkstra, M., Drossaert, C. H., Pieterse, M. E., Boon, B., Walburg, J. A., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2017). An early intervention to promote well-being and flourishing and reduce anxiety and depression: A randomized controlled trial. Internet Interventions, 9, 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2017.04.002
Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being. Free Press.
Senol-Durak, E., & Durak, M. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Flourishing Scale and the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience. Mental Health Religion & Culture, 22(10), 1021–1032. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2019.1689548
Silva, A. J., & Caetano, A. (2013). Validation of the flourishing scale and scale of positive and negative experience in Portugal. Social Indicators Research, 110(2), 469–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9938-y
Singh, K., Junnarkar, M., & Jaswal, S. (2017). Validating the Flourishing Scale and the scale of positive and negative experience in India. Mental Health Religion & Culture, 19(8), 943–954. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2016.1229289
Sisti, D., Young, M., & Caplan, A. (2013). Defining mental illnesses: Can values and objectivity get along? BMC Psychiatry, 13, 346. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-346
Soleimani, S., Rezaei, A. M., Kianersi, F., Hojabrian, H., & Paji, K. (2015). Developement and validation of flourishing questionnaire based on Seligman’s model among Iranian university students. Journal of Research & Health, 5(1), 3–12.
Sumi, K. (2013). Reliability and validity of Japanese versions of the Flourishing Scale and the scale of positive and negative experience. Social Indicators Research, 118(2), 601–615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0432-6
Tan, Q., Zhang, L., Li, W., & Kong, F. (2021). Longitudinal measurement invariance of the Flourishing Scale in adolescents. Current Psychology, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01754-z
Tang, X., Duan, W., Wang, Z., & Liu, T. (2016). Psychometric evaluation of the simplified Chinese version of Flourishing Scale. Research on Social Work Practice, 26(5), 591–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731514557832
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x
Telef, B. B. (2015). The positive and the negative experience scale adaptation for Turkish University Students. European Scientific Journal, 11(14), 49–59.
Tomás, J. M., Pinazo-Hernandis, S., Donio-Bellegarde, M., & Hontangas, P. M. (2017). Validity of the Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale in Spanish older population: competitive structural models and item response theory. European Journal Ageing, 14, 429–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-017-0417-4
Tong, K. K., & Wang, Y. Y. (2017). Validation of the Flourishing Scale and scale of positive and negative experience in a Chinese community sample. PLoS One1, 12(8), e0181616. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181616
Totan, T. (2014). Distinctive characteristics of flourishing, self-esteem, and emotional approach coping to mood. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 6(1), 40–40. https://doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2014.01.004
Van Tilburg, T., Havens, B., & De Gierveld, J. (2004). Loneliness among older adults in the Netherlands, Italy, and Canada: A multifaceted comparison. Canadian Journal on Aging, 23(2), 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1353/cja.2004.0026
VanderWeele, T. J., McNeely, E., & Koh, H. K. (2019). Reimagining health -Flourishing. Journal Of The American Medical Association, 321(17), 1667–1668. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.3035
Villieux, A., Sovet, L., Jung, S., & Guilbert, L. (2016). Psychological flourishing: Validation of the French version of the Flourishing Scale and exploration of its relationships with personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.027
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
World Health Organization. (1993). ICD-10 Classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research. World Health Organization.
World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 310(20), 2191–2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053
Funding
This study was funded by the Junta de Andalucía (Group CTS-110).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The corresponding author declares that there is no conflict of interest.
Conflict of interest/Competing interests
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Ethics approval
Approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Malaga University. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent to participate
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The original version of this article has been revised. ORCID ID has been added to all authors.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Rando, B., Abreu, A.M. & Blanca, M.J. New evidence on the psychometric properties of the portuguese version of the flourishing scale: measurement invariance across gender. Curr Psychol 42, 22450–22461 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03325-2
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03325-2