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The development and initial validation of the multidimensional socio political empowerment (SPE) scale for Indian stigmatized group

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Abstract

Empowerment of the stigmatized and the marginalized has ever been the biggest concern of Indian society. However, essentially no universal measure exists to tap it. The aim was to develop a measure of socio-political empowerment to understand its meaning and structure amongst the Indian caste margins. Based on the elicited themes from a qualitative pilot study, 22 items were generated. The responses on these items from 260 Indian historically caste marginalized respondents were subjected to Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to study the basic psychometric properties. It resulted in 17 items across three factors: discrimination and equality, freedom to make choices in decision making and controllability over resources. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted on 150 respondents to assess the three-factor composition of the construct of Socio-political empowerment. The final 11-items socio-political empowerment scale confirmed that the three factor model fits the data well with an internal consistency reliability of 0.73. Education and income (monthly and/or family) were negatively correlated with discrimination and equality dimension and positively correlated with the other two. Urban respondents reported significantly higher socio-political empowerment. Higher perceived levels of socio-political empowerment were found to be significant indicator of an enhanced sense of self-esteem, thereby establishing the concurrent criterion validity of the scale.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Psychology, Ramanujan College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Divya Bhanot

  2. Department of Applied Psychology, Vivekananda College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Sunil K. Verma

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  1. Divya Bhanot
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APPENDIX Scale for Socio-political Empowerment

APPENDIX Scale for Socio-political Empowerment

S. No.

Item

Completely Disagree

1

Disagree

2

Agree

3

Completely Agree

4

1

Are you called names or insulted?

    

2

Are you treated with less respect than other people?

    

3

Do people act as if you are not smart?

    

4

Are you treated with less courtesy than other people?

    

5

Do people act as if they are better than you?

    

6

I have the ability to use the available resources?

    

7

I can use power to control resources.

    

8

I am an expert in the art of management to influence others in the society

    

9

I can put my view point without any hesitation in front of everyone

    

10

I have the absolute power to decide

    

11

My choice is my own right and it is not influenced by my caste.

    
  1. Note:

Dimensions

Item No.

Discrimination and Equality

1-5

Controllability over resources

6-8

Freedom to make choices in decision making

9-11

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Bhanot, D., Verma, S.K. The development and initial validation of the multidimensional socio political empowerment (SPE) scale for Indian stigmatized group. Curr Psychol 42, 18870–18888 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02265-7

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