Abstract
Is the Social Network profile photo important when women need help? In two field experiments (N = 681), male and female participants received a help request from a woman of below-average, above-average (Study 1 and 2), or a woman of unknown physical attractiveness (Study 2). Men (but not women) responded more often, answered more detailed, and were more helpful and friendlier to the above-average physical attractive woman (Study 1 and 2), but if they replied, they also answered friendlier to the woman of unknown physical attractiveness (Study 2). In Study 3, participants (N = 298) reported their hypothetical helping intention in an experimental setting. The findings from all three studies indicate that these results are most likely interpretable considering males’ mating strategies and costly signal theory in contrast to the what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype or attention boost explanation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arnocky, S., Piché, T., Albert, G., Ouellette, D., & Barclay, P. (2017). Altruism predicts mating success in humans. British Journal of Psychology, 108, 416–435. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12208.
Barclay, P. (2010). Altruism as a courtship display: Some effects of third-party generosity on audience perceptions. British Journal of Psychology, 101, 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712609X435733.
Barclay, P., & Van Vugt, M. (2015). The evolutionary psychology of human prosociality: Adaptations, byproducts, and mistakes. Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior, 37–60. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399813.013.029.
Bhogal, M. S., Galbraith, N., & Manktelow, K. (2016). Sexual selection and the evolution of altruism: Males are more altruistic and cooperative towards attractive females. Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science, 7, 10–13. https://doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2016.42.
Bhogal, M. S., Bartlett, J. E., & Farrelly, D. (2018a). The influence of mate choice motivation on non-financial altruism. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0070-x.
Bhogal, M. S., Galbraith, N., & Manktelow, K. (2018b). A research note on the influence of relationship length and sex on preferences for altruistic and cooperative mates. Psychological Reports., 003329411876464. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118764640.
Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 210–230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x.
Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex-differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypothesis tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00023992.
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Darley, J. M., & Batson, C. D. (1973). “From Jerusalem to Jericho”: A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034449.
DelPriore, D. J., Prokosch, M. L., & Hill, S. E. (2017). The causes and consequences of women’s competitive beautification. In M. L. Fisher (Ed.). The Oxford handbook of women and competition (pp. 577–595). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.34
Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 285–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033731.
Dovidio, J. F., & Penner, L. A. (2001). Helping and altruism. In G. J. O. Fletcher & M. S. Clark (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Interpersonal processes (pp. 162–195). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Farrelly, D. (2011). Cooperation as a signal of genetic or phenotypic quality in female mate choice? Evidence from preferences across the menstrual cycle. British Journal of Psychology, 102, 406–443. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712610X532896.
Farrelly, D. (2013). Altruism as an indicator of good parenting quality in long-term relationships: Further investigations using the mate preferences towards altruistic traits scale. The Journal of Social Psychology, 153(4), 395–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2013.768595.
Farrelly, D., Lazarus, J., & Roberts, G. (2007). Altruists attract. Evolutionary Psychology, 5, 313–329. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490700500205.
Farrelly, D., Clemson, P., & Guthrie, M. (2016). Are women’s mate preferences for altruism also influenced by physical attractiveness? Evolutionary Psychology, 14, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474704915623698.
Feingold, A. (1990). Gender differences in effects of physical attractiveness on romantic attraction: A comparison across five research paradigms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 981–993. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.981.
Feingold, A. (1992). Good-looking people are not what we think. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 304–341. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.111.2.304.
Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social pressures in informal groups; a study of human factors in housing. Oxford, England: Harper.
Gintis, H., Smith, E. A., & Bowles, S. (2001). Costly signaling and cooperation. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 213, 103–119. https://doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.2001.2406.
Grafen, A. (1990). Biological signals as handicaps. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 144, 517–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80088-8.
Iredale, W., Van Vugt, M., & Dunbar, R. (2008). Showing off in humans: Male generosity as a mating signal. Evolutionary Psychology, 6, 386–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490800600302.
Langlois, J. H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A. J., Larson, A., Hallam, M., & Smoot, M. (2000). Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 390–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.390.
Latané, B., & Darley, J. M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn't he help? Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Li, N. P., Kenrick, D. T., Bailey, J. M., & Linsenmeier, J. A. W. (2002). The necessities and luxuries of mate preferences: Testing the tradeoffs. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 82, 947–955. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.82.6.947.
Lotem, A., Fishman, M. A., & Stone, L. (2003). From reciprocity to unconditional altruism through signalling benefits. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 270(1511), 199–205. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2225.
Margana, L., Bhogal, M. S., Bartlett, J. E., & Farrelly, D. (2019). The roles of altruism, heroism, and phyiscal attractiveness in female mate choice. Personality and Individual Differences, 137, 126–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.08.018.
McAndrew, F. T. (2002). New evolutionary perspectives on altruism: Multilevel-selection and costly-signaling theories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 79–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00173.
McGuire, A. M. (1994). Helping behaviors in the natural environment: Dimensions and correlates of helping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167294201004.
Miller, G. F. (2000). The mating mind: How sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature. London: William Heinemann.
Miller, G. F. . (2007). Sexual selection for moral virtues. Quarterly Review of Biology, 82, 97–125.
Pearce, P. L., & Amato, P. R. (1980). A taxonomy of helping: A multidimensional scaling analysis. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43, 363–371. https://doi.org/10.2307/3033956.
Penke, L., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2008). Beyond global Sociosexual orientations: A more differentiated look at Sociosexuality and its effects on courtship and romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1113–1135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1113.
Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., & Schroeder, D. A. (2005). Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 365–392. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141.
Raihani, N. J., & Smith, S. (2015). Competitive helping in online giving. Current Biology, 25, 1183–1186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.042.
Rhodes, R. E., & Dickau, L. (2012). Experimental evidence for the intention–behavior relationship in the physical activity domain: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 31, 724–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027290.
Rosar, U., Klein, M., & Beckers, T. (2008). The frog pond beauty contest: Physical attractiveness and electoral success of the constituency candidates at the North Rhine-Westphalia state election of 2005. European Journal of Political Research, 47, 64–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2007.00720.x.
Schwarz, S., & Hassebrauck, M. (2012). Sex and age differences in mate-selection preferences. Human Nature, 23, 447–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-012-9152-x.
Simpson, J. A., & Gangestad, S. W. (1991). Individual differences in sociosexuality: Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 870–883. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.870.
Smith, E. A., & Bliege Bird, R. (2005). Costly signaling and cooperative behavior. In H. Gintis, S. Bowles, R. Boyd, & E. Fehr (Eds.), Moral sentiments and material interests: The foundations of cooperation in economic life (pp. 115–148). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Stewart-Williams, S., & Thomas, A. G. (2013). The ape that thought it was a peacock: Does evolutionary psychology exaggerate human sex differences? Psychological Inquiry, 24, 137–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2013.804899.
Subrahmanyam, K., & Greenfield, P. M. (2008). Communicating online: Adolescent relationships and the media. The Future of Children: Children and Media Technology, 18, 119–146. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.0.0006.
Subrahmanyam, K., Šmahel, D., & Greenfield, P. M. (2006). Connecting developmental processes to the internet: Identity presentation and sexual exploration in online teen chatrooms. Developmental Psychology, 42, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.3.395.
Subrahmanyam, K., Reich, S. M., Waechter, N., & Espinoza, G. (2008). Online and offline social networks: Use of social networking sites by emerging adults. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 420–433.
Touré-Tillery, M., & Fishbach, A. (2017). Too far to help: The effect of perceived distance on the expected impact and likelihood of charitable action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112, 860–876. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000089.
Trivers, R. L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.), Sexual selection and the descent of man: 1871–1971 (pp. 136–179). Chicago: Aldine.
Van Vugt, M., & Iredale, W. (2013). Men behaving nicely: Public goods as peacock tails. British Journal of Psychology, 104, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02093.x.
Verbrugge, L. M. (1977). The structure of adult friendship choices. Social Forces, 56, 576–597. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/56.2.576.
Wilson, D. W. (1978). Helping behavior and physical attractiveness. The Journal of Social Psychology, 104, 313–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1978.9924081.
Zahavi, A. (1977). The cost of honesty: Further remarks on the handicap principle. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 67, 603–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(77)90061-3.
Zahavi, A. (1995). Altruism as a handicap – The limitation of kin selection and reciprocity. Journal of Avian Biology, 26, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.2307/3677205.
Acknowledgements
We want to thank Dr. Sally M. Ischebeck for her help in data collection. Further, we would like to thank Daniel Farrelly and one anonymous reviewer for their careful and insightful reviews of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie (DGPs) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in Study 3. Due to the nature of the field experiments in Study 1 and 2, informed consent was not obtained prior to the participation of the study. However, all participants were debriefed after participation and encouraged to contact the first author.
Conflict of Interest
Sascha Schwarz declares that he has no conflict of interest. Lisa Baßfeld declares that she has no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schwarz, S., Baßfeld, L. Do men help only beautiful women in social networks?. Curr Psychol 38, 965–976 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0086-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0086-2