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Cooperative Learning Groups and the Evolution of Human Adaptability

(Another Reason) Why Hermits Are Rare in Tonga and Elsewhere

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Abstract

Understanding the prevalence of adaptive culture in part requires understanding the dynamics of learning. Here we explore the adaptive value of social learning in groups and how formal social groups function as effective mediums of information exchange. We discuss the education literature on Cooperative Learning Groups (CLGs), which outlines the potential of group learning for enhancing learning outcomes. Four qualities appear essential for CLGs to enhance learning: (1) extended conversations, (2) regular interactions, (3) gathering of experts, and (4) incentives for sharing knowledge. We analyze these four qualities within the context of a small-scale agricultural society using data we collected in 2010 and 2012. Through an analysis of surveys, interviews, and observations in the Tongan islands, we describe the role CLGs likely plays in facilitating individuals’ learning of adaptive information. Our analysis of group affiliation, membership, and topics of conversation suggest that the first three CLG qualities reflect conditions for adaptive learning in groups. We utilize ethnographic anecdotes to suggest the fourth quality is also conducive to adaptive group learning. Using an evolutionary model, we further explore the scope for CLGs outside the Tongan socioecological context. Model analysis shows that environmental volatility and migration rates among human groups mediate the scope for CLGs. We call for wider attention to how group structure facilitates learning in informal settings, which may be key to assessing the contribution of groups to the evolution of complex, adaptive culture.

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Acknowledgments

Bell was supported by the Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, and Hernandez was supported by an undergraduate research grant (UROP) from the University of Utah. Sandra Aguirre, Franklin Easter, Tevita Helu, Soane Vailea, Moleni Fonua, Vuti Fakatou, ’Alapaku Pasi, and Mele Finau were valuable field assistants. The manuscript was improved by comments from three anonymous reviewers.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, 270 S. 1400 E. Rm 102, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA

    Adrian Viliami Bell & Daniel Hernandez

  2. Anthropology Programme, Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Human Sciences Building - East - Bldg 201E, Level 7, Piddington Room, 10 Symonds ST, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand

    Daniel Hernandez

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  1. Adrian Viliami Bell
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Correspondence to Adrian Viliami Bell.

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Bell, A.V., Hernandez, D. Cooperative Learning Groups and the Evolution of Human Adaptability. Hum Nat 28, 1–15 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-016-9276-5

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