Abstract
The paper presents the residential sector building typology, thermal energy balance, and scenarios prepared at several levels of sector segmentation to assist the design of low-carbon development policies for Albania, Serbia, and Montenegro. The research is breakthrough for developing Europe and could be replicated in its countries. The paper describes methodological steps and selected results. First, representative building types were identified; their energy performances by end-use, retrofit packages, as well as associated costs were assessed. Second, this information was inserted into a bottom-up simulation model prepared in the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) software. Using it, sector energy balances, the reference scenario, as well as moderate and advanced low-carbon high-thermal-comfort scenarios were prepared. The low-carbon scenarios assumed ambitious regulatory and financial policies. It was found that due to fuel poverty partial and intermittent heating is a typical situation; therefore, the thermal demand as predicted by the models applied to the different segments of the dwelling stock is much higher than its actual consumption. Also, actual consumption by energy source was found not fitting official energy balances because households use more wood and more heating systems than officially reported. In 2030, the moderate and ambitious scenarios lead to a reduction of CO2 emissions by 23–73% and 16–73% respectively versus the reference, offering however at the same time higher thermal comfort. The priority is to retrofit small buildings constructed after 1991 in Albania and those built in 1971–1990 in Montenegro and Serbia. Assuming the discount rate of 4% and counting saved energy costs as benefits, almost all scenarios are cost-effective as a whole on the country level, however not for many building categories. Therefore, not only saved energy costs but also other benefits should be monetized and compared to the scenario costs that present the next research opportunity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
(Simaku 2011; Simaku, Thimjo, and Plaku 2014a; Islami 2013; Energy Charter Secretariat 2013; Republic of Albania 2003, 2011, 2014a, 2014b; Republic of Albania. Ministry of Environment 2014; Energy Community Secretariat 2012; Singh, Limaye, and Hofer 2014b; Energy Community Secretariat 2014, 2015; Banjac 2014; Solujić 2014; Republic of Serbia 2004; Republic of Serbia. Ministry of Mining and Enegry 2005; Republic of Serbia 2007, 2009, 2010a, 2010b, 2012, 2013; Republic of Serbia, Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection 2014; Republic of Serbia, Ministry of Energy, Development, and Environmental Protection 2012; European Agency for Reconstruction 2005; Ministry of Economic Development 2007; Ministry of Economy 2010, 2012, 2013; Ministry of Economy of Montenegro 2013; Ministry of Economy 2014; Republic of Montenegro 2010, 2014).
Abbreviations
- ADA:
-
Austrian Development Agency
- BAU:
-
Business As Usual
- BEAM:
-
Built Environment Analysis Model
- CDD:
-
Cooling Degree Days
- CO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide
- DH:
-
District Heating
- DHW:
-
Domestic Hot Water
- EER:
-
Energy Efficiency Ratio
- ECRAN:
-
Environment and Climate Regional Accession Network
- ESM:
-
Electronic Supplementary Material
- EU:
-
European Union
- EPBD:
-
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
- GHG:
-
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
- HDD:
-
Heating Degree Days
- LEAP:
-
Long range Energy Alternatives Planning System
- LPG:
-
Liquid Petroleum Gas
- SEER :
-
Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio
- SLED:
-
Support for Low-Emission Development in South Eastern Europe
- REC:
-
Regional Environmental Centre of Central and Eastern Europe
- VAT:
-
Value Added Tax
References
Abbaspour, M., Karbassi, A., Asadi, M. K., & Moharamnejad, N. (2013). Energy demand model of the household sector and its application in developing metropolitan cities (case study: Tehran ). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 22(2), 319–329.
Ates, S. A. 2015. Energy efficiency and CO2 mitigation potential of the Turkish iron and steel industry using the LEAP (Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning) System. Energy, 90. Elsevier Ltd: 417–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.07.059.
Ballarini, I., S. P. Corgnati, and V. Corrado 2014. Use of reference buildings to assess the energy saving potentials of the residential building stock: the experience of TABULA Project. Energy Policy, 68. Elsevier: 273–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.01.027.
Banjac, M. 2014. Energy efficiency policy of the Republic of Serbia. VIII International Forum on Clean Energy Technologies.
Bettgenhäuser, K., Offermann, M., Boemans, T., Bosquet, M., Grözinger, J., von Manteuffel, B., and Surmeli, N. 2013. Heat pump implementation scenarios until 2030 - Main Report, 91.
Bürger, V. 2012. Overview and assessment of new and innovative integrated policy sets That Aim at the nZEB Standard. Report Prepared by ENTRANZE Project.
Cellura, M., Guarino, F., Longo, S., Mistretta, M., & Orioli, A. (2013). The role of the building sector for reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gases: an Italian case study. Renewable Energy, 60, 586–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.06.019.
Dall’O, G., Galante, A., and Pasetti, G. 2012. A methodology for evaluating the potential energy savings of retrofitting residential building stocks. Sustainable Cities and Society, 4(1). Elsevier B.V.: 12–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2012.01.004.
Dascalaki, E. G., Droutsa, K. G., Balaras, C. A., & Kontoyiannidis, S. (2011). Building typologies as a tool for assessing the energy performance of residential buildings—a case study for the Hellenic building stock. Energy and Buildings, 43(12), 3400–3409. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.09.002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.09.002.
Dineen, D., Rogan, F., & Gallachóir, B. P. Ó. (2015). Improved modelling of thermal energy savings potential in the existing residential stock using a newly available data source. Energy, 90, 759–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.07.105.
EN ISO 13790. (2008). Energy performance of buildings—calculation of energy use for space heating and cooling.
Energy Charter Secretariat. 2013. In-depth review of the energy efficiency policy of Albania.
Energy Community Secretariat. 2012. Explanatory notes for a proposed recommendation concerning reform of regulated electricity prices in the energy community.
Energy Community Secretariat. 2014. Albania Country Report. Annual Implementation Report.
Energy Community Secretariat. 2015. Annual Implementation Report 2014/2015.
European Agency for Reconstruction. 2005. Energy efficiency strategy of the Republic of Montenegro. An EU-funded project managed by the European Agency for Reconstruction.
European Commission. 2010. Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the Energy Performance of Buildings (Recast). Official Journal of the European Union, L153 of 18.06.2010. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:153:SOM:EN:HTML. Accessed 25 January 2017
European Commission. 2011. World and European Energy and Environment Transition Outlook (WETO-T).
European Commission. 2017. Better regulation guidelines. Tool #54: The Use of Dicsount Rates. European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/smart-regulation/guidelines/tool_54_en.htm.
EUROSTAT. 2015. Energy Balances—2013 Data (2015 Edition). http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/energy/data/energy-balances. 25 January 2017
EUROSTAT. 2017. Energy balances—2015 data (2017 Edition). http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/energy/data/energy-balances.
Filogamo, L., Peri, G., Rizzo, G., and Giaccone, A. 2014. On the classification of large residential buildings stocks by sample typologies for energy planning purposes. Applied Energy, 135. Elsevier Ltd: 825–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.04.002.
Fonseca, J. A., Nguyen, T. A., Schlueter, A., & Marechal, F. (2016). City energy analyst (CEA): integrated framework for analysis and optimization of building energy systems in neighborhoods and city districts. Energy and Buildings, 113, 202–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.11.055.
Fracastoro, G. V., and Serraino, M. 2011. A methodology for assessing the energy performance of large scale building stocks and possible applications. Energy and Buildings, 43(4). Elsevier B.V.: 844–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.12.004.
Ghanadan, R., & Koomey, J. G. (2005). Using energy scenarios to explore alternative energy pathways in California. Energy Policy, 33(9), 1117–1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2003.11.011.
Ghedamsi, R., Settou, N., Gouareh, A., Khamouli, A., Saifi, N., Recioui, B., and Dokkar, B. 2016. Modeling and forecasting energy consumption for residential buildings in Algeria using bottom-up approach. Energy and Buildings. Elsevier B.V. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.12.030.
Gouveia, J. P., Fortes, P., and Seixas, J. 2012. Projections of energy services demand for residential buildings: insights from a bottom-up methodology. Energy, 47(1). Elsevier Ltd: 430–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.09.042.
Guarino, F., Tumminia, G., Longo, S., Mistretta, M., Bilotta, R., & Cellura, M. (2016). Energy planning methodology of net-zero energy solar neighborhoods in the Mediterranean basin. Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 22(7), 928–938. https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2016.1195656.
Hong, S., Chung, Y., Kim, J., and Chun, D. 2016. Analysis on the level of contribution to the national greenhouse gas reduction target in Korean transportation sector using LEAP model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60. Elsevier: 549–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.164.
IEA. 2017. Energy balances of non-OECD countries. http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=MONTENEGRO&product=balances&year=2013.
IEA Annex 31. 2004. Methods for evaluating the environmental performance of building stocks. Buildings, 30.
INSTAT. 2001. CENSUS. http://www.instat.gov.al/en/census/census-2001/census-data.aspx.
INSTAT. 2011. CENSUS. http://www.instat.gov.al/en/figures/statistical-databases.aspx.
INSTAT. 2013. Albania in Figures.
INSTAT. 2014. Albania in Figures.
IPCC NGGIP. 2017. Database on GHG Emision Factors (IPCC-EFDB). http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/find_ef_main.php.
Islami, B. 2013. The report on energy savings in Albanian Final Energy Consumption (FEC) in the period 2010, 2011 and 2012.
Kavgic, M., A. Mavrogianni, D. Mumovic, A. Summerfield, Z. Stevanovic, and M. Djurovic-Petrovic. 2010. A review of bottom-up building stock models for energy consumption in the residential sector. Building and Environment, 45(7). Elsevier Ltd: 1683–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.01.021.
Kelemen, A., Haydock, H., Feiler, J., Craig, D., Whiteley, G., and Csikos, I. 2015. INDC Technical Background Document Albania. (Version 25.08.2015.). http://www.mjedisi.gov.al/al/dokumenta/dokumenti-teknik-per-percaktimin-e-kontributit-kombetar-te-piksynuar-indc-per-shqiperine.
Legro, S., Novikova, A., and Olshanskaya, M. 2014. Energy efficiency. In Sustainable Energy and Human Development in ECIS. Bratislava: United Nations Development Programme. http://www.tr.undp.org/content/dam/turkey/docs/Publications/EnvSust/UNDP,2014-Sustainable%20Energy%20and%20Human%20Development%20in%20Europe%20and%20the%20CIS.pdf.
Lucon, O., Ürge-Vorsatz, D., Ahmed, A. Z., Akbari, H., Bertoldi, P., Cabeza, L. F., Eyre, N., et al. 2014. Buildings. In Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
Mata, É., Sasic Kalagasidis, A., & Johnsson, F. (2014). Building-stock aggregation through archetype buildings: France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Building and Environment, 81, 270–282. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.06.013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.06.013.
Mata, et al. (2015). Modelling opportunities and costs associated with energy conservation in the Spanish building stock. Energy and Buildings, 88, 347–360. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.12.010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.12.010.
McKenna, R., Merkel, E., Fehrenbach, D., Mehne, S., and Fichtner, W. 2013. Energy efficiency in the German residential sector: a bottom-up building-stock-model-based analysis in the context of energy-political targets. Building and Environment 62. Elsevier Ltd: 77–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.01.002.
Miljanic, Z. 2015. Personal and email communication.
Ministry of Economic Development. 2007. Energy development strategy of Montenegro by 2025.
Ministry of Economy. 2010. Energy efficiency action plan for the period 2010–2012. http://www.energy-community.org/pls/portal/docs/986180.PDF.
Ministry of Economy. 2012. Report on the implementation of the First National Energy Efficiency Action Plan for 2011. http://www.energy-community.org/portal/page/portal/ENC_HOME/DOCS/1622181/NEEAP_Reporting_final_V2.pdf.
Ministry of Economy. 2013. Energy efficiency action plan of Montenegro 2013–2015. http://www.energy-community.org/portal/page/portal/ENC_HOME/DOCS/3354153/Energy_Efficiency_Action_Plan_for_the_period_2013-2015_final.pdf.
Ministry of Economy. 2014. Strategija Razvoja Energetike Crne Gore Do 2030. Godine. (Bijela Knjiga) (Energy Strategy to 2030. Draft in Montenegrin). http://www.energetska-efikasnost.me/uploads/file/Dokumenta/Strategija%20razvoja%20energetike%20CG%20do%202030.%20godine%20-%20Bijela%20knjiga_10072014.pdf.
Ministry of Economy of Montenegro. 2013. Strategija Razvoja Energetike Crne Gore Do 2030. Godine (Zelena Knjiga). http://www.seaeds.me/images/Zelena_knjiga_konacna_MNE_30.12.2013.doc.
Monstat. 2003. CENSUS. http://www.monstat.org/eng/page.php?id=184&pageid=184.
Monstat. 2011. CENSUS. http://www.monstat.org/eng/page.php?id=57&pageid=57.
Monstat. 2012. Construction statistics. http://www.monstat.org/eng/page.php?id=35&pageid=35.
Monstat. 2013. Wood fuel consumption in 2011 in Montenegro. New energy balances for wood fuels. http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/publikacije/2013/22.2/DRVNA%20GORIVA-ENGLESKI-ZA%20SAJT%20I%20STAMPU-.pdf.
Monstat. 2014a. Household budget survey. http://www.monstat.org/eng/page.php?id=72&pageid=72.
Monstat. 2014b. Statistical energy balances 2012–2013.
Novikova, A., Csoknyai, T., Popović, M., Stanković, B., Živković, B., Ignjatović, D., Sretenović, A., Szalay, Zs. 2015a. Support for low emission development in South East Europe (SLED). The typology of the residential buildings stock of Serbia and modelling its transformation to the low carbon future. Book prepared with the funding of the Austrian Development Agency (ADA). Available at: http://sled.rec.org/building.html. Accessed 25 January 2017
Novikova, A., Csoknyai, T., Miljanic, Z., Gligoric, B., Vušanović, I., Szalay, Zs. 2015b. Support for low emission development in South East Europe (SLED). The typology of the residential buildings stock of Montenegro and modelling its transformation to the low carbon future. Book prepared with the funding of the Austrian Development Agency (ADA). Available at: http://sled.rec.org/building.html. Accessed 25 January 2017
Novikova, A. Szalay, Zs., Simaku, G., Thimjo, T., Salamont B., Plaku, Th., Csoknyai, T. 2015c. Support for low emission development in South East Europe (SLED). The typology of the residential buildings stock of Albania and modelling its transformation to the low carbon future. Book prepared with the funding of the Austrian Development Agency (ADA). Available at: http://sled.rec.org/building.html. Accessed 25 January 2017
Popovic, J., Milica, D. I., Radivojevic, A., Dukanovic, A., Ignjatovic, N. C., and Nedic, M. 2013. National typology of residential buildings in Serbia. Faculty of architecture, University of Belgrade, GIZ- Deutche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit.
Puksec, T., Mathiesen, B. V., Novosel, T., & Duic, N. (2014). Assessing the impact of energy saving measures on the future energy demand and related GHG (greenhouse gas) emission reduction of Croatia. Energy, 76, 198–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.06.045.
Republic of Albania. 2003. The national strategy of energy and plan of action. http://www.akbn.gov.al/images/pdf/energji-te-rinovueshme/Stategjia_Kombetare_e_Energjise.pdf.
Republic of Albania. 2011. National energy efficiency plan of Albania 2010–2018. http://www.energy-community.org/portal/page/portal/ENC_HOME/DOCS/1138177/NEEAP_of_the_Republic_of_Albania_2010-2018.pdf.
Republic of Albania. 2014a. Draft law on energy efficiency.
Republic of Albania. 2014b. Draft law on energy performance of buildings. http://www.energy-community.org/portal/page/portal/ENC_HOME/DOCUMENTS?library.category=169.
Republic of Albania. Ministry of Environment. 2014. Implementation plan for transferring EU legislation in the field of climate change. Albania. Activity 4.3. of the Project Low Carbon South East Europe (SEE/D/0166/2.4/X). Tirana. http://www.locsee.eu/plans.php.
Republic of Montenegro. 2010. Law on energy efficiency. “Official Gazette of MN”, no 29/10. http://www.mek.gov.me/ResourceManager/FileDownload.aspx?rid=69371&rType=2&file=Law%20on%20Energy%20Efficiency.pdf.
Republic of Montenegro. 2014. Law on efficient use of energy. http://www.energetska-efikasnost.me/ee.php?id=69&l=en.
Republic of Serbia. 2004. Energy law. Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia“ No. 57/11, 80/11-amendment, 93/12 and 124/12). www.aers.rs/FILES/Zakoni/Eng/Zakon%20o%20energetici_57-11.pdf.
Republic of Serbia. 2007. Energy sector development strategy implementation programme 2007–2012. (“Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia” No. 17/07 and 73/07).
Republic of Serbia. 2009. Law on planning and construction. (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 72/09 g and 81/09).
Republic of Serbia. 2010a. Energy efficiency action plan for the period 2010–2012. http://www.energy-community.org/pls/portal/docs/986181.PDF.
Republic of Serbia. 2010b. Initial National Communication of the Republic of Serbia under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. http://unfccc.int/essential_background/library/items/3599.php?such=j&symbol=%20SRB/COM/1%20E#beg.
Republic of Serbia. 2012. Energy Strategy of Republic of Srpska up to 2030. Draft.
Republic of Serbia. 2013. Law on efficient use of energy (ZAKON O EFIKASNOM KORIŠĆENJU ENERGIJE - in Serbian). (“RS Official Gazette” 25/2013). http://demo.paragraf.rs/combined/Old/t/t2013_03/t03_0188.htm.
Republic of Serbia, Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection. 2014. Implementation plan for transferring EU legislation in the field of climate change. Republic of Serbia. Activity 4.3. of the Project Low Carbon South East Europe (SEE/D/0166/2.4/X). Belgrade. http://www.locsee.eu/plans.php.
Republic of Serbia, Ministry of Energy, Development, and Environmental Protection. 2012. Report on implementation of the first national energy efficiency action plan in the period 2010–2011. http://www.energy-community.org/portal/page/portal/ENC_HOME/DOCS/1750177/UPDATE_Preliminary_Report_on_Serbian_NEEAP_implementation_12-06-2012_-_W2003.pdf.
Republic of Serbia. Ministry of Mining and Enegry. 2005. Energy sector development strategy of the Republic of Serba by 2015.
Ryding, Helene, and Andreas Seeliger. 2013. Financing energy efficiency in the Balkan States. Public Financing Options for NEEAPs. ‘Foot for Thought Paper’. Western Balkans Investment Framework.
Sadri, A., M. M. Ardehali, and K. Amirnekooei. 2014. General procedure for long-term energy-environmental planning for transportation sector of developing countries with limited data based on LEAP (Long-Range Energy Alternative Planning) and EnergyPLAN. Energy 77. Elsevier Ltd: 831–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.09.067.
Sartori, I., Wachenfeldt, B. J., & Hestnes, A. G. (2009). Energy demand in the Norwegian building stock: scenarios on potential reduction. Energy Policy, 37(5), 1614–1627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.031.
Shabbir, R., and Ahmad, S. S.. 2010. Monitoring urban transport air pollution and energy demand in Rawalpindi and Islamabad using leap model. Energy 35 (5). Elsevier Ltd: 2323–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.02.025.
Simaku, G.. 2011. Norms, regulations, design and construction conditions, for heat generation and energy saving in dwellings and public buildings.
Simaku, G., Thimjo, T., and Plaku, T.. 2014a. Albanian residential building typology matrix.
Simaku, G., Thimjo, T., and Plaku, T.. 2014b. Albania-national building typology, energy performance and saving potential. Internal SLED Report.
Singh, J., Limaye, D., and Hofer, K.. 2014. Western Balkans: scaling up energy efficiency in buildings. World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/06/19782698/western-balkans-scalingup-energy-efficiency-buildings-final-report.
Solujić, A. 2014. Implementation status of EPBD. presented at the EECG Meeting 01. July 2014.
SORS. 2011. Census 2011. http://popis2011.stat.rs/?page_id=2162&lang=en.
SORS. 2014. Energy balances, 2013. http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Energetika/2014-10-06/Energetski%20bilansi%20Republike%20Srbije,%202013%20-%20konacni%20podaci.pdf.
SORS (Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia) online. “Statistical Database.” Available at: http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/PageView.aspx?pKey=163.
Swan, L. G., & Ismet Ugursal, V. (2009). Modeling of end-use energy consumption in the residential sector: a review of modeling techniques. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(8), 1819–1835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.09.033.
Szabo, L., Mezosi, A., Pato, Z., and Markovic, S.. 2015. Support for low-emission development in South Eastern Europe (SLED). Electricity Sector Modelling Assessment in Montenegro.
Ürge-Vorsatz, D., Eyre, N., Graham, P., Danny L. D., Harvey, E. H., Jiang, Y., Jochem, E., et al. 2012. Energy end-use (efficiency): buildings. In . International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA).
van Ruijven, B., de Vries, B., Van Vuuren, D., & van der Sluijs, J. (2010). A global model for residential energy use: uncertainty in calibration to regional data. Energy, 35(1), 269–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2009.09.019.
Weibull, W. (1951). A statistical distribution function of wide applicability. J. Appl. Mech.- Trans. ASME, 18(3), 293–297.
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to our other project experts, namely Bálint Salamon of Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Gjergji Simaku of the Albanian Ministry of Energy and Industry, Teuta Thimjo and Thimjo Plaku of the Albanian National Agency of Natural Resources, Zoran Miljanic and Igor Vušanovic of the University of Montenegro, Biljana Gligoric of Expeditio, Milica Jovanović Popović, Bojana Stanković, Branislav Živković, Dušan Ignjatović, and Aleksandra Sretenović of the Belgrade University. We are also thankful to Jozsef Feiler, Agnes Kelemen, Vaiva Indilaite, and Srna Sudar of the Regional Environmental Center, who helped in this project. We are grateful to the Hungarian Academy of Sciences awarded Zsuzsa Szalay with the János Bólyai Research Scholarship, which supported her work.
We would like to express our gratitude to policy-makers and experts of Albania, Montenegro, and Serbia, who worked with us on the project or provided their comments and data. These are Artan Leskoviku of Albanian National Agency of Natural Resources, Aheron Hizmo of Open Regional Fund for South Easter-n Europe – Energy Efficiency in Albania, Mirela Kamberi of UNDP Climate Change Programme in Albania, Božidar Pavlović and Anton Ljucovic from the Montenegrin Ministry of Economy, Milena Spicanovic from the Montenegrin Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism, Neno Jablan of CGES AD, Milica Pavlovic, Natasa Djurovic, Zdravka Savic, Masan Raicevic, Suzana Gojcaj, and Boljana Racovic of the Montenegrin Statistical Office, Danijela Bozanic and her team the Serbian Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Ana Ranković of the See Change Net, and Aleksandar Macura of the RES Foundation.
Funding
This work was supported by the Austrian Development Cooperation under the contract number 8306-00/2013.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Novikova, A., Csoknyai, T. & Szalay, Z. Low carbon scenarios for higher thermal comfort in the residential building sector of South Eastern Europe. Energy Efficiency 11, 845–875 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-017-9604-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-017-9604-6