Abstract
During the last couple of years, in the field of Natural Language Processing, UNL (i.e., Universal Networking Language) immense research activities have been witnessed. This paper illustrates UNLization of Punjabi Natural Language for UC-A1, UGO-A1, and AESOP-A1 with IAN (i.e., Interactive Analyzer) tool using X-Bar approach. This paper also discusses the UNLization process in depth, step-by-step with the help of tree diagrams and tables.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
UNDL Foundation 2016 [Online]. Available: http://www.undlfoundation.org/undlfoundation/
Calculation of F-Measure 2013 [Online]. Available: http://www.unlweb.net/unlarium/index.php?tools=fmeasure
Second Olympiad 2013 [Online]. Available: http://www.unlweb.net/wiki/II_UNL_Olympiad
Third Olympiad 2014 [Online]. Available: http://www.unlweb.net/wiki/III_UNL_Olympiad
Fourth Olympiad 2014 [Online]. Available: http://www.unlweb.net/wiki/IV_UNL_Olympiad
NLP Applications. [Online]. Accessed 2014, Available: http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_97/journal/vol1/hks/intro.html
Punjabi Language [Online]. Accessed 2015, Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language
Agarwal V and Kumar P 2013a UNL-ization of Numbers and Ordinals in Punjabi with IAN. Int. J. Nat. Lang. Comput. (IJNLC) 2(3): 61–69
Uchida H, Zhu M and Senta T D 1999 The UNL, A gift for a millennium. Tokyo: Institute of Advanced Studies, The United Nations University
Introduction to UNL [Online]. Accessed 2015, Available: http://www.unlweb.net/wiki/Introduction_to_UNL
Uchida H and Zhu M 2001 The universal networking language beyond machine translation. In: Proc. Int. Symposium on Language in Cyberspace, Seoul, Korea, pp. 1–15
Uchida H 2005 Universal Networking Language (UNL): Specifications Version 2005, UNDL Foundation
Kumar P 2012 UNL Based Machine Translation System for Punjabi Language. Ph.D. thesis, Thapar University, Patiala
Agarwal V and Kumar P 2013b UNL-ization of Punjabi with IAN. In: Proc. of the 11th Workshop on Asian Language Resources, Nagya, Japan, pp. 61–69
Uchida H and Zhu M 2005 UNL 2005 for providing knowledge infrastructure. In: Proc. Semantic Computing Workshop, Chiba, Japan, pp. 1–12
Agarwal V and Kumar P 2016 A multilingual cross-domain client application prototype for UNL-ization and NL-ization for NLP applications. Dig. Scholarsh. Humanit. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqw022
Agarwal V and Kumar P 2017 A public platform for developing language-independent applications. Dig. Scholarsh. Humanit. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqw063
Sérasset G and Boitet C 2000 On UNL as the future html of the linguistic content & the reuse of existing NLP components in UNL-related applications with the example of a UNL French deconverter. In: Proc. Int. Conf. on Computational Linguistics, Saarbruecken, Germany, pp. 768–774
Bhattacharyya P 2001 Multilingual information processing through Universal Networking Language. In: Indo UK Workshop on Language Engineering for South Asian Languages, pp. 1–10
Dave S and Bhattacharyya P 2001 Knowledge extraction from Hindi text. J. Inst. Electron. Telecommun. Eng. 18(4): 1–12
Lafourcade M and Boitet C 2002 UNL Lexical selection with conceptual vectors. In: Proc. Int. Conf. on Language Resources and Evaluation, Spain, pp. 1958–1964
Choudhary B and Bhattacharyya P 2002 Text clustering using Universal networking language representation. In: Proc. 11th Int. Conf. on World Wide Web, Hawaii, USA, pp. 1–7
Martins R T, Rino L H M, Nunes M G V and Oliveira O N 2002 The UNL distinctive features: evidences through a NL-UNL encoding task. In: Proc. 1st Int. Workshop on UNL, other Interlinguas and their Applications, Las Palmas, Spain, pp. 8–13
Dhanabalan T, Saravanan K and Geetha T V 2002 Tamil to UNL EnConverter. In: Proc. Int. Conf. on Universal Knowledge and Language, Goa, India, pp. 1–16
Tomokiyo M and Chollet G 2003 VoiceUNL : a proposal to represent speech control mechanisms within the Universal Networking Digital Language. In: Proc. Int. Conf. on the Convergence of Knowledge, Culture, Language and Information Technologies, Alexandria, Egypt, pp. 1–6
Dhanabalan T and Geetha T V 2003 UNL DeConverter for Tamil. In: Proc. Int. Conf. on the Convergence of Knowledge, Culture, Language and Information Technologies, Alexandria, Egypt, pp. 1–6
Martins R 2003 HOW many colors should be in the rainbow? Representing color names in knowledge bases. In: International Conference on the Convergence of Knowledge, Culture, Language and Information Technologies, Alexandria, Egypt.
Surve M, Singh S, Kagathara S, Venkatasivaramasastry K, Dubey S, Rane G, Saraswati J, Badodekar S, Iyer A, Almeida A, Nikam R, Perez C G and Bhattacharyya P 2004 AgroExplorer: a meaning based multilingual search engine. In: Proc. Int. Conf. on Digital Libraries, Delhi, India, pp. 1–13
Boguslavsky I M, Iomdin L and Sizov V G 2005 Interactive EnConversion by means of the ETAP-3 system. Universal Network Language: Advances in Theory and Applications. Cardeñosa J, Gelbukh A, Tovar E, (Eds) México, Research on Computing Science, pp. 230–240
Jiang C, Tissiani G, Falquet G and Rodolfo P 2005 Facilitating communication between languages and cultures: a computerized interface and knowledge base. Universal Network Language: Advances in Theory and Applications, Cardeñosa J, Gelbukh A, Tovar E, (Eds) México, Research on Computing Science, pp 358–368.
Cardeñosa J, Gallardo C and Iraola L 2005 An XML-UNL model for knowledge based annotation. Universal Network Language: Advances in Theory and Applications, Cardeñosa J, Gelbukh A, Tovar E, (Eds) México, Research on Computing Science, pp 300–308
Hajlaoui N and Boitet C 2005 A Pivot XML-based architecture for multilingual, multiversion documents: parallel monolingual documents aligned through a central correspondence descriptor and possible use of UNL. Universal Network Language: Advances in Theory and Applications, Cardeñosa J, Gelbukh A, Tovar E, (Eds) México, Research on Computing Science, pp. 309–325
Montesco C E and Moreira D A 2005 UCL-universal communication language. Universal Network Language: Advances in Theory and Applications, Cardeñosa J, Gelbukh A, Tovar E, (Eds) México, Research on Computing Science, pp. 326–336
Iyer J A and Bhattacharyya P 2005 Using semantic information to improve case retrieval in case-based reasoning systems. Universal Network Language: Advances in Theory and Applications, Cardeñosa J, Gelbukh A, Tovar E, (Eds) México, Research on Computing Science, pp 347–358
Martins R T, Hasegawa R, Graças M and Nunes V 2005 Hermeto: A NL-UNL enconverting environment. Universal Network Language: Advances in Theory and Applications, Cardeñosa J, Gelbukh A, Tovar E, (Eds) México, Research on Computing Science, pp. 254–260
Blanc É 2005 About and around the French Enconverter and the French Deconverter. Universal Network Language: Advances in Theory and Applications, Cardeñosa J, Gelbukh A, Tovar E, (Eds) México, Research on Computing Science, pp. 157–166
Shi X and Chen Y 2005 A UNL Deconverter for Chinese Universal Network Language. Universal Network Language: Advances in Theory and Applications, (Eds) Cardeñosa J, Gelbukh A, Tovar E, México, Research on Computing Science, pp. 167–174
Pelizzoni J M and Nunes M V 2005 Flexibility, configurability and optimality in UNL deconversion via multiparadigm programming. Universal Network Language: Advances in Theory and Applications, (Eds) Cardeñosa J, Gelbukh A, Tovar E, México, Research on Computing Science, pp. 175–194
Keshari B and Bista S K 2005 UNL Nepali Deconverter. In: Proc. 3rd International CALIBER, Cochin, pp. 70–76
Ramamritham 2006 aAqua: a database-backended multilingual, multimedia community forum. In: Proc. Int. Conf. on Management of Data, Chicago, USA, pp. 784–786
Alansary S, Nagi M and Adly N 2006 Towards a language-independent Universal Digital Library. In: Proc 2nd Int. Conf. on Universal Digital Library, Alexandria, Egypt, pp. 1–10
Karande J B 2007 Multilingual search engine: implementation using UNL. In: Proc. Int. Conf. on Semantic Web and Digital Libraries, Bangalore, India, pp. 1–7
Adly N and Alansary S 2009 Evaluation of Arabic machine translation system based on the Universal Networking Language. Nat. Lang. Proc. Inf. Syst. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 5723: 243–257
Rouquet D and Nguyen H 2009 Interlingual annotation of texts in the OMNIA project. In: Proc 4th Int. Conf. on Language and Technology, Poland, pp. 1–5
Boudhh S and Bhattacharyya P 2009 Unification of Universal Word dictionaries Using WordNet ontology and similarity measures. In: Proc 7th Int. Conf. on Computer Science and Information Technologies, Armenia, pp. 271–283
Kumar P and Sharma R K 2012 Punjabi to UNL enconversion system. Sadhana Acad. Proce. Eng. Sci. 37(2): 299–318
Kumar P and Sharma R K 2013 Punjabi DeConverter for generating Punjabi from Universal Networking Language. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. C 14(3): 79–196
Uchida H 1987 ATLAS: Fujitsu Machine Translation system. Proc. MT Summit, Japan, pp. 129–134
Dey K and Bhattacharyya P 2005 Universal Networking Language based analysis and generation of Bengali case structure constructs. Universal Network Language: Advances in Theory and Applications, Cardeñosa J, Gelbukh A, Tovar E, (Eds) México, Research on Computing Science, pp. 215–229
Jadhav N K and Bhattacharyya P 2014 Dive deeper: Deep Semantics for Sentiment Analysis. In: 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis (WASSA 2014), Baltimore, USA
Tokenization [Online]. Accessed 2015, Available: http://www.unlweb.net/wiki/Tokenization
Agarwal V 2013 UNL-ization of Punjabi with IAN. M.E Thesis, Thapar University, Patiala.
X-Bar theory 2014 [Online]. Available: http://www.unlweb.net/wiki/X-bar_theory
Sornlertlamvanich V, Potipiti T and Charoenporn T 2001 UNL Document Summarization. In: Proc. First International workshop on Multimedia Annotation, Tokyo
Acknowledgement
This Publication is an outcome of the R&D work undertaken in the project under the Visvesvaraya PhD Scheme of Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India, being implemented by Digital India Corporation (formerly Media Lab Asia).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Agarwal, V., Kumar, P. UNLization of Punjabi text for natural language processing applications. Sādhanā 43, 87 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-018-0824-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-018-0824-z