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Changes in dryland areas and net primary productivity in China from 1980 to 2020

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Abstract

The drylands of China account for about 10.8% of the global dryland. They are severely affected by human activities and climate change. Dynamic changes in the drylands and within subtype (hyper-arid, arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid) areas, and the spatiotemporal characteristics in net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation, are crucial for evaluating ecosystem functions and management strategies in China. This study defined drylands, and the area was determined based on the aridity index (AI). Our results demonstrated the drylands of China expanded from 5.8 million km2 in 1980 to 6.6 million km2 in 2020, with an average expansion rate of 0.019 × 106 km2 (10 yr)−1. These changes were driven mainly by the mean annual temperature (MAT) and solar radiation (Srad). Among the different subtypes of drylands, the arid and semi-arid areas expanded the fastest at 0.032 × 106 km2 (10 yr)−1, and the main driving factor was MAT. However, the hyper-arid area decreased in size at an average rate of 0.050 × 106 km2 (10 yr)−1, and the main driving factor was mean annual precipitation (MAP). Net primary productivity (NPP) of total vegetation and subtypes increased over 20 years. The NPP of the whole dryland increased at a rate of 10.78 g C m−2 yr−1, which was dominated by the rapid growth of NPP (5.15 g C m−2 yr−1) in dry sub-humid areas. The NPP of four vegetation types (desert, grassland, forest, and cropland) increased (19.14 Tg C yr−1); the NPP in the forest and cropland increased considerably, while that in the grassland and desert increased slightly. The drylands in China might further expand with global warming because the MAT strongly affects the changes in dryland areas. With the development of eco-environmental protection projects (afforestation, construction of desert highway protection forest, etc.) and western region development and construction in China, the contribution of forest and cropland to the total NPP of all vegetation will increase.

Research Highlights

  1. 1.

    The drylands of China expanded from 5.8 million km2 in 1980 to 6.6 million km2 in 2020, with an average expansion rate of 0.019 × 106 km2 (10 yr)−1. These changes were mostly driven by the annual average temperature (MAT) and solar radiation (Srad).

  2. 2.

    The NPP of the whole dryland increased at a rate of 10.78 g C m−2 yr−1, which was dominated by the rapid growth of NPP (5.15 g C m−2 yr−1) in dry sub-humid areas. The NPP of four vegetation types (desert, grassland, forest, and cropland) increased (19.14 Tg C yr−1).

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Ecological Processes and Biological Adaptation team for their help. We thank Feiya Lei for her help in data acquisition. This work was supported by Xinjiang Outstanding Youth fund (Grant numbers [2021D01E03]), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant numbers [U2003214] and [41977099]). Author Shihang Zhang has received research support from Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China

    Shihang Zhang, Hao Guo, Yongxing Lu, Xing Guo, Chaohong Liu, Xiaobing Zhou & Yuanming Zhang

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Shihang Zhang, Yusen Chen, Hao Guo, Yongxing Lu & Xing Guo

  3. National Engineering Technology Research Center for Desert-Oasis Ecological Construction, Ürümqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China

    Yusen Chen

  4. Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China

    Chaohong Liu

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  1. Shihang Zhang
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Contributions

Yusen Chen and Shihang Zhang made equal and main contributions to this work. Yusen Chen: Data curation, conceptualization, supervision and formal analysis. Shihang Zhang: Validation and software; Xiaobing Zhou and Yuanming Zhang: Funding acquisition and investigation. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript, read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Xiaobing Zhou.

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Communicated by George Mathew

Supplementary materials pertaining to this article are available on the Journal of Earth System Science website (http://www.ias.ac.in/Journals/Journal_of_Earth_System_Science).

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Zhang, S., Chen, Y., Guo, H. et al. Changes in dryland areas and net primary productivity in China from 1980 to 2020. J Earth Syst Sci 132, 83 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-023-02100-6

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