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Liquefaction-induced settlement, site effects and damage in the vicinity of Yalova City during the 1999 Izmit earthquake, Turkey

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Abstract

Yalova City (Turkey) is in a tectonically active location that is particularly affected by the northern branch of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. Magnitudes 7.4 and 7.2 earthquakes in 1999 caused great destruction in Yalova. The heavy damage to buildings and other civil engineering structures was mainly due to liquefaction-induced settlement and site effects such as resonance and amplification. In the first phase of this study, the soil liquefaction potential index (PL) and the induced soil settlement were estimated. In the second phase, the effects on sites in Yalova soil were investigated using microtremor and earthquake data. The fundamental periods and amplification in soft soil were compared with microtremor data and strong ground motion records obtained by a local array of eight accelerograph stations deployed in Yalova. Thirty-seven ‘single site’ ambient noise measurements were taken in a dense grid of points covering the centre of the city. A comparison between fundamental periods obtained from strong ground motion records and from microtremor measurements showed similarities, in the 0.1–5 Hz range. Finally, soil liquefaction and amplification (or resonance) were divided into regions according to the extent of damage and the geotechnical/geophysical results.

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Acknowledgements

This work was mainly supported by the Research Fund of the Istanbul University (Projects: BYP:12823 and YADOP-6708, YADOP-23171). Some part of this study were also supported by the Research Fund of the Istanbul University of Istanbul (Project: UDP:29989 and UDP:22428. Furthermore, earthquake data used in this study was taken from temporally strong motion stations installed by the Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute. The authors wish to thank Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory. Lastly, authors would like to thank Barış Karabulut and Louise Karabulut at the University of Glamorgan (UK) for editing the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geophysical Engineering, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34320, Turkey

    FERHAT OZCEP, SAVAŞ KARABULUT, OGUZ ÖZEL & HALIL ZARIF

  2. Sirinevler Primary School, Sirinevler Ministry of National Education, Istanbul, Turkey

    TAZEGUL OZCEP

  3. Emek Geophysical and Geotechnical Company, Büyükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey

    NAZIRE İMRE

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  1. FERHAT OZCEP
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  2. SAVAŞ KARABULUT
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  3. OGUZ ÖZEL
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  4. TAZEGUL OZCEP
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  5. NAZIRE İMRE
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  6. HALIL ZARIF
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Correspondence to FERHAT OZCEP.

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OZCEP, F., KARABULUT, S., ÖZEL, O. et al. Liquefaction-induced settlement, site effects and damage in the vicinity of Yalova City during the 1999 Izmit earthquake, Turkey. J Earth Syst Sci 123, 73–89 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-013-0387-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-013-0387-7

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