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Protoplanetary disks around young stellar and substellar objects in the \({\sigma }\) Orionis cluster

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Abstract

Understanding the evolution and dissipation of protoplanetary disks are crucial in star and planet formation studies. We report the protoplanetary disk population in the nearby young \(\sigma \) Orionis cluster (\(d\sim 408\) pc; \(\textrm{age}\sim 1.8\) Myr) and analyse the disk properties, such as dependence on stellar mass and disk evolution. We utilize the comprehensive census of 170 spectroscopic members of the region refined using astrometry from Gaia DR3 for a wide mass range of \(\sim \)19–0.004 \(M_\odot \). Using the near-infrared (2MASS) and mid-infrared (WISE) photometries, we classify the sources based on the spectral index, into class I, class II, flat spectrum and class III young stellar objects. The frequency of sources hosting a disk with stellar mass <2 \(M_\odot \) in this region is \(41\pm 7\)%, which is consistent with the disk fraction estimated in previous studies. We see that there is no significant dependence of disk fraction on stellar mass among T Tauri stars (<2 \(M_\odot \)), but we propose rapid disk depletion around higher mass stars (>2 \(M_\odot \)). Furthermore, we found the lowest mass of a disk-bearing object to be \(\sim \)20 \(M_{\textrm{Jup}}\) and the pronounced disk-fraction among the brown dwarf population hints at the formation scenario that brown dwarfs form similar to low-mass stars.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the anonymous referee for the constructive report, which has helped to improve the overall quality of the paper. Based on observations obtained with WIRCam, a joint project of CFHT, Taiwan, Korea, Canada and France, at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT), which is operated by the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada, the Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique of France, and the University of Hawaii. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular, the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. This publication makes use of data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation. This publication makes use of data products from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, which is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This work is based (in part) on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which was operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA. BD is thankful to the Center for Research, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India. JJ acknowledges the financial support received through the DST-SERB grant SPG/2021/003850.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics and Electronics, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029, India

    Belinda Damian & K. T. Paul

  2. Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Rami Reddy Nagar, Karakambadi Road, Mangalam (P.O.), Tirupati, 517507, India

    Jessy Jose

  3. SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, UK

    Beth Biller

  4. Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    Beth Biller

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  1. Belinda Damian
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  2. Jessy Jose
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  4. K. T. Paul
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Correspondence to Belinda Damian.

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This article is part of the Special Issue on “Star formation studies in the context of NIR instruments on 3.6 m DOT”.

Appendix: Details of members in \({\sigma }\) Orionis cluster

Appendix: Details of members in \({\sigma }\) Orionis cluster

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Damian, B., Jose, J., Biller, B. et al. Protoplanetary disks around young stellar and substellar objects in the \({\sigma }\) Orionis cluster. J Astrophys Astron 44, 77 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-023-09968-2

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