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Gradients of Brain Organization: Smooth Sailing from Methods Development to User Community

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Abstract

Multimodal neuroimaging grants a powerful in vivo window into the structure and function of the human brain. Recent methodological and conceptual advances have enabled investigations of the interplay between large-scale spatial trends – or gradients – in brain structure and function, offering a framework to unify principles of brain organization across multiple scales. Strong community enthusiasm for these techniques has been instrumental in their widespread adoption and implementation to answer key questions in neuroscience. Following a brief review of current literature on this framework, this perspective paper will highlight how pragmatic steps aiming to make gradient methods more accessible to the community propelled these techniques to the forefront of neuroscientific inquiry. More specifically, we will emphasize how interest for gradient methods was catalyzed by data sharing, open-source software development, as well as the organization of dedicated workshops led by a diverse team of early career researchers. To this end, we argue that the growing excitement for brain gradients is the result of coordinated and consistent efforts to build an inclusive community and can serve as a case in point for future innovations and conceptual advances in neuroinformatics. We close this perspective paper by discussing challenges for the continuous refinement of neuroscientific theory, methodological innovation, and real-world translation to maintain our collective progress towards integrated models of brain organization.

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Funding

JR is supported by a fellowship from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). BCB acknowledges research support from the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC Discovery-1304413), CIHR (FDN-154298, PJT-174995), SickKids Foundation (NI17-039), BrainCanada, FRQ-S, and the Tier-2 Canada Research Chairs program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Jessica Royer & Boris C. Bernhardt

  2. Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany

    Casey Paquola

  3. Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany

    Sofie L. Valk

  4. Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Thonex, Switzerland

    Matthias Kirschner

  5. Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, South Korea

    Seok-Jun Hong & Bo-yong Park

  6. Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, USA

    Seok-Jun Hong

  7. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea

    Seok-Jun Hong

  8. Department of Data Science, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea

    Bo-yong Park

  9. Department of Statistics and Data Science, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea

    Bo-yong Park

  10. Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Richard A.I. Bethlehem

  11. Centre for Neuroimaging Science, King’s College London, London, UK

    Robert Leech

  12. Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    B. T. Thomas Yeo

  13. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    B. T. Thomas Yeo

  14. Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    B. T. Thomas Yeo

  15. Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    B. T. Thomas Yeo

  16. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA

    B. T. Thomas Yeo

  17. Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK

    Elizabeth Jefferies

  18. Department of Psychology, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada

    Jonathan Smallwood

  19. Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center (UMR 8002), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Paris, Paris, France

    Daniel Margulies

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J.R. and B.C.B wrote the main manuscript text. J.R. prepared Fig. 1. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Royer, J., Paquola, C., Valk, S.L. et al. Gradients of Brain Organization: Smooth Sailing from Methods Development to User Community. Neuroinform (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12021-024-09660-y

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