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Determination of Heavy Metal Levels and Health Risk Assessment of Raw Cow Milk in Guelma Region, Algeria

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Abstract

During the recent decades, adverse effects of unexpected contaminants, such as heavy metals on raw cow milk quality, have threatened human health. The objective of this study was to determine heavy metal levels in raw milk collected from autochthonous bovine breeds in the eastern region of Algeria. Eighty-eight pooled milk samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry for Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Fe, and Zn, and dietary risks were estimated for infants, children, and adults with minimum, average, and maximum milk consumption scenarios. Results revealed that Pb (0.94 ± 0.49 mg/kg), Cd (0.03 ± 0.01 mg/kg), and Cu (0.14 ± 0.08 mg/kg) levels in all analyzed samples were higher than their corresponding maximum residue levels (MRLs). The task hazard quotient (THQ) values suggest potential risk for infants in the three scenarios from Pb, Cd, and Cr; for children in the three scenarios from Pb and in the high scenario from Cr; and for adults in the medium and high scenarios from Pb. The hazard index (HI) values were higher than 1, and the contributions of each metal to the overall HI followed a descending order of Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Fe with values of 68.19%, 15.39%, 6.91%, 4.94%, 3.42%, 0.88%, and 0.28%, respectively. Our results indicated that there may be a potential risk of heavy metals, especially Pb, for infants through raw cow milk consumption. Moreover, data actualization and continuous monitoring are necessary and recommended to evaluate heavy metal effects in future studies.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge breeders from different provinces for their consent and active participation in this study.

Funding

This work is part of the research activity carried out within the (i) ARIMNet2-BOVISOL (Coordination of Agricultural Research in the Mediterranean. EC FP7 project N°618127; www.arimnet2.net)-BOVISOL (Breeding and management practices of indigenous bovine breeds: Solutions towards a sustainable future) project funded by the Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and Scientific Research and from the Directorate General for Scientific Research and Technological Development (DGRSDT) and (ii). “Dairy production: Optimization of production techniques, valorization and quality control” project funded by the Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, grant agreement no: D00L01UN240120180001.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire de Biologie, Eau Et Environnement, Département d’Écologie Et Génie de L’Environnement, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 4010, Guelma, 24000, Algérie

    Ali Boudebbouz, Sofiane Boudalia, Aissam Bousbia & Rabah Zebsa

  2. Département de Biologie, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 4010, Guelma, 24000, Algérie

    Yassine Gueroui & Meriem Imen Boussadia

  3. Laboratoire d’Analyses Industrielles Et Génie Des Matériaux, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 4010, Guelma, 24000, Algérie

    Mohamed Lyamine Chelaghmia & Abed Mohamed Affoune

  4. Research Institute of Animal Science, HAO-Demeter, 58100, Giannitsa, GR, Greece

    George K. Symeon

Authors
  1. Ali Boudebbouz
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  2. Sofiane Boudalia
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  3. Aissam Bousbia
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  4. Yassine Gueroui
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  5. Meriem Imen Boussadia
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  6. Mohamed Lyamine Chelaghmia
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  7. Rabah Zebsa
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  8. Abed Mohamed Affoune
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  9. George K. Symeon
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Contributions

Ali Boudebbouz and Meriem Imen Boussadia: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, and writing—original draft.

Sofiane Boudalia: conceptualization, investigation, methodology, data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, project administration, methodology, and writing—original draft and review and editing.

Yassine Gueroui, Aissam Bousbia, and Rabah Zebsa: conceptualization, investigation, methodology, and writing—review and editing.

George Symeon: funding acquisition, project administration, and writing—review and editing.

All authors discussed the review topic and contents and contributed to the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sofiane Boudalia.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Statement

The local Data Protection Board (DPB) and the local ethics committee have approved experimental protocols. The study involved data and/or milk sample collection from different farms, and participants were informed of the purpose of the project; they have given their consent for their participation (complete the survey questionnaire and/or provide milk samples) and the use of the collected data and the generated results from our analysis for scientific publications.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Boudebbouz, A., Boudalia, S., Bousbia, A. et al. Determination of Heavy Metal Levels and Health Risk Assessment of Raw Cow Milk in Guelma Region, Algeria. Biol Trace Elem Res 201, 1704–1716 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03308-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03308-1

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