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Fluoride in Iranian Drinking Water Resources: a Systematic Review, Meta-analysis and Non-carcinogenic Risk Assessment

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Abstract

A systematic review, meta-analysis, and non-carcinogenic risk considering fluoride content of drinking water resources of 31 provinces of Iran among some international databases such as Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and national databases including SID and Irandoc (2011 to July 2017) were conducted. In this context, 10 articles (40 studies) with 1706 samples were included in meta-analyses and risk assessment studies. The pooled concentration of fluoride in the cold, mild, and warm weather provinces were calculated as 0.39 mg/L (95% CI 0.32–0.48 mg/L), 0.52 (95% CI 0.43–0.61 mg/L), and 0.75 (95% CI 0.56–0.94 mg/L), respectively. The pooled concentration of fluoride in Iranian drinking water resources was 0.51 (95% CI 0.45–0.57 mg/L). The minimum and maximum concentrations of fluoride content were related to Kermanshah (0.19 mg/L) and Kerman (1.13 mg/L) provinces, respectively. The HQ of fluoride in the children and adults were 0.462 and 0.077, respectively as children are more vulnerable than adults. The HQ for children and adults was lower than 1 value. Therefore, there is no considerable non-carcinogenic risk for consumers due to drinking water in Iran. Although the non-carcinogenic of fluoride in drinking water was not significant, fluoride entry from other sources, such as food or inhalation, could endanger the health of the residents of Kerman and Bushehr provinces.

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Funding

Social Determinants of Health Research Center supported the financing by a grant [Grant No. IR.SEMUMS.REC.1396.138] from the Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. Amin Mousavi Khaneghah received support from CNPq-TWAS Postgraduate Fellowship (Grant No. 3240274290).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

    Hassan Keramati & Raheb Ghorbani

  2. Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran

    Ali Miri

  3. Department of Environmental Engineering-Water and Wastewater, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran

    Mehdi Baghaei

  4. Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

    Aziz Rahimizadeh

  5. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Yadolah Fakhri

  6. Environmental Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran

    Abotaleb Bay

  7. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Masoud Moradi

  8. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Zohreh Bahmani

  9. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran

    Mansour Ghaderpoori

  10. Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran

    Mansour Ghaderpoori

  11. Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato, 80, 6121, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil

    Amin Mousavi Khaneghah

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  1. Hassan Keramati
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Keramati, H., Miri, A., Baghaei, M. et al. Fluoride in Iranian Drinking Water Resources: a Systematic Review, Meta-analysis and Non-carcinogenic Risk Assessment. Biol Trace Elem Res 188, 261–273 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1418-7

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