Abstract
To find a new use of rice bran, five fungi were examined for the production of exo-biopolymer with macrophage-stimulating activity from rice bran. Among the exo-biopolymers produced from the cultures, Monascus pilosus had the most potent macrophage stimulating activity in a liquid culture rather than in a solid culture. In order to improve the yield of exo-biopolymer with macrophage-stimulating activity, a suitable medium for exo-biopolymer was tested in submerged culture of M. pilosus. The highest amount of exo-biopolymer (13.9 mg/mL) was obtained in a medium containing rice bran as an only carbon source followed by media with additional maltose and sucrose (13.8 and 13.7 mg/mL, respectively). The addition of peptone resulted in the production of high amount of exo-biopolymer (15.1 mg/mL), meanwhile the addition of ammonium chloride resulted in 264.0 µg/mL of glucosamine content. Among eight different kinds of inorganic salts tested, potassium phosphate (0.1%) was the most effective inorganic salt for the mycelial growth and exo-biopolymer production. Therefore the optimal medium composition was as follows (g/L): 20 g of rice bran, 5 g of peptone, and 1 g of KH2PO4. The optimal culture pH and time for mycelial growth and exo-biopolymer production was pH 5.0 and 25°C, respectively. The maximum exo-biopolymer (20.1 mg/mL) was observed at the fourth day of cultivation. Exo-biopolymer, a crude polysaccharide fraction, mainly contained neutral sugar (81.8%) with considerable amounts of uronic acid (18.2%). Component sugar analysis showed that the active fraction consisted mainly of arabinose, galactose, glucose, which was digested from starch of rice bran during cultivation, and uronic acid (molar ratio; 0.8:1.0:0.7:0.8).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Inoue, K., Mukaiyama, Y., Tsuji, K., et al. (1995), Jpn. J. Nutr. 53, 263–271.
Tsuji, K., Ichikawa, T., Tanabe, N., Abe, S., Tarui, S., and Nakagawa, Y. (1992), Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi 66, 1241–1246.
Endo, A. (1985), J. Medicinal. Chem. 28, 401–405.
Araki, J., Yamaguchi, F., and Nakadai, T. (1998), J. Jpn. Soy Sauce Res. Inst. 24, 127–132.
Juziova, P., Martinkova, L., and Kren, V. (1996), J. Ind. Microbiol. 16, 163–170.
Lin, C. Y. (1973), J. Ferment. Technol. 51, 407–414.
Farrell, D. J. (1994), World’s Poult. Sci. J. 50, 115–131.
Indira, T. N., Hemavathy, J., Khatoon, S., Krishna, A. G., and Bhattacharya, S. (2000), J. Food Eng. 43, 83–90.
Warren, B. G. and Farrell, D. J. (1991), Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 34, 323–347.
Abdul-Hamid, A. and Luan, Y. S. (2000), Food Chem. 68, 15–19.
Ebringerova, A., Hromadkova, I., and Berth, G. (1994), Carbohydr. Res. 264, 97–109.
Herscowitz, B. H., Holden, H. T., Bellanti, J. A., and Ghaffar, A. (1981), in Manual of Macrophage Methodology: Collection, Characterization, and Function (Herscowitz, B. H., ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 7–10.
Suzuki, I., Tanaka, H., Kinoshita, A., Oikawa, S., Osawa, M., and Yadomae, T. (1990), Int. J. Immunopharmac. 12, 675–684.
Dubois, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A., and Smith, F. (1956), Anal. Chem. 28, 350–356.
Blumenkrantz, N. and Asboe-Hansen, G. (1973), Anal. Biochem. 54, 484–489.
Bradford, M. M. (1976), Anal. Biochem. 72, 248–254.
Johnes, T. M. and Albersheim, P. (1972), Plant Physiol. 49, 926–936.
Zhao, J. F., Kiyohara, H., Yamada, H., Takemoto, N., and Kawamura, H. (1991), Carbohyd. Res. 219, 149–172.
Swift, M. J. (1973), Soil. Biol. Biochem. 5, 321–332.
Yoshizawa, K., Momose, H., and Hasuo, T. (1981), J. Brewery Soc. Japan 76, 280–283.
Johns, M. R. and Stuart, D. M. (1991), J. Ind. Microbiol. 8, 23–28.
Lin, C. F. (1973), J. Ferm. Technol. 51, 407–414.
Lin, T. F. and Demain, A. L. (1991), Appl. Microbiol. Biot. 36, 70–75.
Lin, T. F. and Demain, A. L. (1993), J. Ind. Microb. 162, 114–119.
Garraway, M. O. and Evans, R. C. (1991), in Fungal Nutrition and Physiology (Garraway, M. O., ed.), John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 71–221.
Pateman, J. A. and Kinghorn, J. R. (1976), in The Filamentous Fungi, vol. 2 (Smith, J. E. and Berry, D. R., eds.), John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 159–237.
Chisti, Y. and Moo-Young M. (1991), in Biotechnology: the science and the business (Moses, M. and Cape, R. E., eds.), Harwood Academic Publishers, New York, pp. 167–209.
Park, K. S., Park, S., Jung, I. C., Ha, H. C., Kim, S. H., and Lee, J. S. (1994), Kor. J. Mycol. 22, 184–189.
Lee, J. H., Cho, S. M., Ko, K. S., and Yoo, I. D. (1995), Kor. J. Mycol. 23, 325–331.
Clarke, A. E., Anderson, R. L., and Stone, B. A. (1979), Phytochem 18, 521–540.
Albersheim, P., An, J., Freshour, G., et al. (1994), Biochem. Soc. Transac. 22, 374–378.
Park, K. S., Park, S., Jung, I. C., Ha, H. C., Kim, S. H., and Lee, J. S. (1994), Kor. J. Mycol. 22, 184–189.
Lee, J. H., Cho, S. M., Ko, K. S., and Yoo, I. D. (1995), Kor. J. Mycol. 23, 325–331.
Bae, J. T., Sinha, J., Park, J. P., Song, C. H., and Yun, J. W. (2000), J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 10, 482–487.
Park, J. P., Kim, S. W., Hwang, H. J., and Yun, J. W. (2001), Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 33, 76–81.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yu, K.W., Kim, Y.S., Shin, K.S. et al. Macrophage-stimulating activity of exo-biopolymer from cultured rice bran with Monascus pilosus . Appl Biochem Biotechnol 126, 35–48 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-005-0004-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-005-0004-6