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Evaluation of hydrophobic/hydrophilic and antireflective coatings for photovoltaic panels

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Abstract

Photovoltaic modules have emerged as a crucial technology for generating electricity from renewable sources to advance toward achieving neutrality in carbon emissions. Nevertheless, the efficacy and overall effectiveness of solar PV cells are significantly affected by various aspects, including ecological conditions and operation and maintenance practices. These factors directly impact the outcome, energy utilization efficacy, productivity, and lifespan of the PV cells, ultimately influencing the economic aspects of power generation. A highly effective method for mitigating ecological factors is applying a self-cleaning and antireflective coating, which utilizes micro–nano structures and surface wettability to facilitate cleaning and enhance light transmission. This study investigates the influence of ecological and operational factors on solar PV cell effectiveness. Further, a brief summary of the basic principles and development of self-cleaning and antireflective coating is presented by examining recent research. The review reveals that soiling, humidity, and temperature negatively influence the performance of PV modules. In humid conditions, dust deposition leads to the formation of adhesive mud on PV cells, resulting in a reduction of power generation by as high as ~ 70%. In addition, it is also suggested that the application of self-cleaning and antireflection coating on PV modules enhances its efficiency by ~ 11% compared to uncoated modules. Lastly, a comparative analysis of hydrophobic and hydrophilic coatings, various coating methods, and their durability and life expectancy are summarized, and a few effective processes are highlighted for their promising research outcomes.

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Abbreviations

SC:

Self-cleaning

AR:

Antireflective

PSC:

Perovskite solar cell

DSSC:

Dye-sensitized solar cell

CZTSSC:

Copper zinc tin sulfide solar cell

OSC:

Organic solar cell

QDSC:

Quantum dot solar cell

CIGS:

Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell

PFDTES:

1H,1H,2H,2H, Perfluorodecyl triethoxysilane

APTES:

3-Aminopropyltriethoxy silane

E44:

Bisphenol-A-based epoxy

PMMA:

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

PFTS:

1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorooctyl trichlorosilane

DTDS:

Diethoxydimethylsilane

MPS:

(3-Mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane

GPTMS:

3-Glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane

KH-560:

Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane

LLDPE:

Linear low-density polyethene

OTS:

Octadecyltrichlorosilane

PS:

Polystyrene

ZrP:

Zirconium phosphate

TBA:

Tetra-n-butylammonium hydroxide

DMSNs:

Dendrimer-like mesoporous silica nanoparticles

\({\text{g}}-{{\text{C}}}_{3}{{\text{N}}}_{4}\) :

Graphitic carbon nitride

FTO:

Fluoride-doped tin oxide-coated

HDMS:

Hexamethyldisilazane

TMES:

Trimethylethoxysilane

PDMS:

Polydimethylsiloxane

MTES:

Triethoxymethylsilane

LBL:

Layer by layer

PMHS:

Polymethylhydrosiloxane

EVA:

Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer

PTFE:

Polytetrafluoroethylene

KH-570:

3-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane

HDFTS:

(Heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl) trichlorosilane

PTMS:

Phenyltrimethoxysilane

KH-792:

N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3 aminopropyltrimethoxysilane

CTMTS:

Cetyltrimethoxysilane

HDTMS:

Hexadecyltrimethoxysilane

TMCS:

Trimethylchlorosilane

TTPS:

Trimethoxy(propyl) silane

\({I}_{{\text{sc}}}\) :

Short-circuit current

\({V}_{{\text{oc}}}\) :

Open-circuit voltage

\({P}_{{\text{max}}}\) :

Maximum power output

\({T}_{{\text{amb}}}\) :

Ambient temperature

EVA:

Ethylene vinyl acetate

XPS:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

EL:

Electroluminescence

EDS:

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

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  1. National Institute of Technology Silchar, Assam, 788010, India

    Yadav Narendra Kumar Rajbahadur, Avinash Kumar, Sushant Negi & Simanchal Kar

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Rajbahadur, Y.N.K., Kumar, A., Negi, S. et al. Evaluation of hydrophobic/hydrophilic and antireflective coatings for photovoltaic panels. J Coat Technol Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-024-00929-0

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