Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of vanadium additive and phosphating time on anticorrosion, morphology and surface properties of ambient temperature zinc phosphate conversion coatings on mild steel

  • Published:
Journal of Coatings Technology and Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An attempt has been made to investigate the effect of phosphating time and vanadium additive on the anticorrosion and surface properties of ambient temperature zinc phosphate coatings. Zinc phosphate coatings with different phosphating times and vanadium concentrations were applied to low carbon steel samples. A potentiostatic polarization test in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was carried out to investigate the electrochemical properties of coated samples. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy were utilized to evaluate the microstructure, chemistry and roughness of coatings. Surface properties such as wettability, surface tension, and work of adhesion were measured. Results indicate that the sample which was immersed for 30 min in the phosphating bath exhibits the lowest corrosion current density, one tenth of bare steel, due to formation of a compact coating while having a low number of microcracks. Addition of 500 ppm vanadium to the coating in a secondary bath decreases the corrosion rate of zinc phosphate coating remarkably, by almost 80%. Microstructural results reveal that vanadium-rich precipitates are formed and enhance the coating coverage on the steel substrate. Vanadium addition increases the surface roughness, surface free energy, and work of adhesion of the phosphate coating.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Leslie, WC, The Physical Metallurgy of Steels, p. 396. Hemisphere Publishing Corp., Washington (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ye, X, Lin, Z, Zhang, H, Zhu, H, Liu, Z, Zhong, M, “Protecting Carbon Steel from Corrosion by Laser In Situ Grown Graphene Films.” Carbon, 94 326–334 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Kesavan, D, Gopiraman, M, Sulochana, N, “Green Inhibitors for Corrosion of Metals: A Review.” Chem. Sci. Rev. Lett, 1 1 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Finkenstadt, VL, Côté, GL, Willett, J, “Corrosion Protection of Low-Carbon Steel Using Exopolysaccharide Coatings from Leuconostoc Mesenteroides.” Biotechnol. Lett., 33 1093–1100 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Biestek, T, Weber, J, Electrolytic and Chemical Conversion Coatings: A Concise Survey of Their Production, Properties and Testing. Portcullis Press Limited, Red Hill (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ramezanzadeh, B, Attar, M, “An Evaluation of the Corrosion Resistance and Adhesion Properties of an Epoxy-Nanocomposite on a Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel (HDG) Treated by Different Kinds of Conversion Coatings.” Surf. Coat. Technol., 205 4649–4657 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ende, D, Kessler, W, Oelkrug, D, Fuchs, R, “Characterization of Chromate-Phosphate Conversion Layers on Al-Alloys by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Optical Measurements.” Electrochim. Acta, 38 2577–2580 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Cohen, S, “Review: Replacements for Chromium Pretreatments on Aluminum.” Corrosion, 51 71–78 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Pommiers-Belin, S, Frayret, J, Uhart, A, Ledeuil, J, Dupin, J-C, Castetbon, A, Potin-Gautier, M, “Determination of the Chemical Mechanism of Chromate Conversion Coating on Magnesium Alloys EV31A.” Appl. Surf. Sci., 298 199–207 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bogi, J, Macmillan, R, “Phosphate Conversion Coatings on Steel.” J. Mater. Sci., 12 2235–2240 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Arnaud, Y, Sahakian, E, Romand, M, Charbonnier, J, “Study of Hopeite Coatings: I. Pure Hopeite Thermal Dehydration: Dihydrate, Zn3(PO4)2·2H2O, Structure Conformation.” Appl. Surf. Sci., 32 281–295 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Fouladi, M, Amadeh, A, “Comparative Study Between Novel Magnesium Phosphate and Traditional Zinc Phosphate Coatings.” Mater. Lett., 98 1–4 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Chen, X-B, Zhou, X, Abbott, TB, Easton, MA, Birbilis, N, “Double-Layered Manganese Phosphate Conversion Coating on Magnesium Alloy AZ91D: Insights into Coating Formation, Growth and Corrosion Resistance.” Surf. Coat. Technol., 217 147–155 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Popić, J, Jegdić, B, Bajat, J, Veljović, Đ, Stevanović, S, Mišković-Stanković, V, “The Effect of Deposition Temperature on the Surface Coverage and Morphology of Iron-Phosphate Coatings on Low Carbon Steel.” Appl. Surf. Sci., 257 10855–10862 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Sandu, AV, Coddet, C, Bejinariu, C, “A Comparative Study on Surface Structure of Thin Zinc Phosphates Layers Obtained Using Different Deposition Procedures on Steel.” Rev. Chim (Bucharest), 64 401–406 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Li, R, Yu, Q, Yang, C, Chen, H, Xie, G, Guo, J, “Innovative Cleaner Production for Steel Phosphorization Using Zn–Mn Phosphating Solution.” J. Cleaner Prod., 18 1040–1044 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Fouladi, M, Amadeh, A, “Effect of Phosphating Time and Temperature on Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Phosphate Coating.” Electrochim. Acta, 106 1–12 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Arthanareeswari, M, Narayanan, TS, Kamaraj, P, Tamilselvi, M, “Polarization and Impedance Studies on Zinc Phosphate Coating Developed Using Galvanic Coupling.” J. Coat. Technol. Res., 9 39–46 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Tamilselvi, M, Kamaraj, P, Arthanareeswari, M, Devikala, S, “Nano Zinc Phosphate Coatings for Enhanced Corrosion Resistance of Mild Steel.” Appl. Surf. Sci., 327 218–225 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Narayanan, TS, Subbaiyan, M, “Overheating—Its Decisive Role in Phosphating.” Metal Finish., 93 30–31 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Van Phuong, N, Moon, S, Chang, D, Lee, KH, “Effect of Microstructure on the Zinc Phosphate Conversion Coatings on Magnesium Alloy AZ91.” Appl. Surf. Sci., 264 70–78 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Li, Q, Xu, S, Hu, J, Zhang, S, Zhong, X, Yang, X, “The Effects to the Structure and Electrochemical Behavior of Zinc Phosphate Conversion Coatings with Ethanolamine on Magnesium Alloy AZ91D.” Electrochim. Acta, 55 887–894 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Banczek, E, Rodrigues, P, Costa, I, “Evaluation of Porosity and Discontinuities in Zinc Phosphate Coating by Means of Voltametric Anodic Dissolution (VAD).” Surf. Coat. Technol., 203 1213–1219 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Van Phuong, N, Lee, KH, Chang, D, Moon, S, “Effects of Zn2+ Concentration and pH on the Zinc Phosphate Conversion Coatings on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy.” Corrosion Sci., 74 314–322 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Lazzarotto, L, Marechal, C, Dubar, L, Dubois, A, Oudin, J, “The Effects of Processing Bath Parameters on the Quality and Performance of Zinc Phosphate Stearate Coatings.” Surf. Coat. Technol., 122 94–100 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Akhtar, A, Wong, K, Mitchell, K, “The Effect of pH and Role of Ni2+ in Zinc Phosphating of 2024-Al Alloy: Part I: Macroscopic Studies with XPS and SEM.” Appl. Surf. Sci., 253 493–501 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Sandu, A, Coddet, C, Bejinariu, C, “Study on the Chemical Deposition on Steel of Zinc Phosphate with Other Metallic Cations and Hexamethilen Tetramine. I. Preparation and Structural and Chemical Characterization.” J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater., 14 699–703 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Matin, E, Attar, M, Ramezanzadeh, B, “Evaluation of the Anticorrosion and Adhesion Properties of an Epoxy/Polyamide Coating Applied on the Steel Surface Treated by an Ambient Temperature Zinc Phosphate Coating Containing Ni2+ Cations.” Corrosion, 71 4–13 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Lin, B-L, Lu, J-T, Kong, G, “Synergistic Corrosion Protection for Galvanized Steel by Phosphating and Sodium Silicate Post-Sealing.” Surf. Coat. Technol., 202 1831–1838 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Lin, B-I, Lu, J-T, Gang, K, Jun, L, “Growth and Corrosion Resistance of Molybdate Modified Zinc Phosphate Conversion Coatings on Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel.” Trans. Nonferrous Metals Soc. China, 17 755–761 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Lin, B-L, Lu, J-T, Kong, G, “Effect of Molybdate Post-Sealing on the Corrosion Resistance of Zinc Phosphate Coatings on Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel.” Corrosion Sci., 50 962–967 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Yong, Z, Zhu, J, Qiu, C, Liu, Y, “Molybdate/Phosphate Composite Conversion Coating on Magnesium Alloy Surface for Corrosion Protection.” Appl. Surf. Sci., 255 1672–1680 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Banczek, E, Rodrigues, P, Costa, I, The Effects of Niobium and Nickel on the Corrosion Resistance of the Zinc Phosphate Layers. Surf. Coat. Technol. 202 (2008).

  34. Rezaee, N, Attar, M, Ramezanzadeh, B, “Studying Corrosion Performance, Microstructure and Adhesion Properties of a Room Temperature Zinc Phosphate Conversion Coating Containing Mn2+ on Mild Steel.” Surf. Coat. Technol., 236 361–367 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Totik, Y, “The Corrosion Behaviour of Manganese Phosphate Coatings Applied to AISI 4140 Steel Subjected to Different Heat Treatments.” Surf. Coat. Technol., 200 2711–2717 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Nikdehghan, H, Amadeh, A, Honarbakhsh-Raouf, A, “Effect of Substrate Heat Treatment on Morphology and Corrosion Resistance of Zn–Mn Phosphate Coating.” Surf. Eng., 24 287–294 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Zou, Z, Li, N, Li, D, Liu, H, Mu, S, “A Vanadium-Based Conversion Coating as Chromate Replacement for Electrogalvanized Steel Substrates.” J. Alloys Compounds, 509 503–507 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Yang, K, Ger, M, Hwu, W, Sung, Y, Liu, Y, “Study of Vanadium-Based Chemical Conversion Coating on the Corrosion Resistance of Magnesium Alloy.” Mater. Chem. Phys., 101 480–485 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

We would like thank to Drs. Majid Abbasi and Dong-Ik Kim at Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) for assistance in materials characterization.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Corrosion Group, Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

    Mehrdad Abbasi

  2. Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran

    M. M. Attar

Authors
  1. Mehrdad Abbasi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. M. Attar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. M. Attar.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Abbasi, M., Attar, M.M. Effect of vanadium additive and phosphating time on anticorrosion, morphology and surface properties of ambient temperature zinc phosphate conversion coatings on mild steel. J Coat Technol Res 14, 1435–1445 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-017-9960-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-017-9960-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation