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Reconnoitring the Usage of Agroindustrial Waste in Carotenoid Production for Food Fortification: a Sustainable Approach to Tackle Vitamin A Deficiency

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Abstract

Recently vitamin A deficiency disorder (VADD) has become a significant public health issue. Manifestation of this VADD is xerophthalmia, which can only be prevented by additional vitamin A due to their less consumption in regular diet. Globally, approximately 120 million children are suffering from VADD. There is an abrupt upsurge in non-communicable diseases like obesity. Almost in every community and house, under-nutrition and obesity coexist. Worldwide 13% adult population were obese. Provitamin A carotenoids are able to lower the body weight, total cholesterol, and raising the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Worldwide, the massive quantity of food waste has become a prime concern because it harms natural resources, and health. Recycling of these waste materials can result in value added product generation like carotenoids. Various researches have shown the usage of different food wastes like tomato, carrot (pulp and peel), and sweet potato roots and microbes like Rhodotorula glutinis MT5, R. toruloides, and Sporobolomyces roseus as a substrate for provitamin A carotenoids. Concerning food safety, it is highly recommended to opt an eco-friendly green extraction methodology like UAE, MAE, eco-friendly-solvent extraction, etc. In this review, we aim to focus on utilizing “waste” as a source of carotenoids via green extraction technologies and also indicated the need for food fortification to resolve the overnutrition-related lifestyle disorder obesity, and the under-nutrition-related vitamin A deficiency disorder. This concept is believed to create more resilient, and productive food fortification emphasizing a “waste to wealth” bio-economy approach to combat vitamin A deficiency and obesity.

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Data Availability

The data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

Abbreviations

GNI:

Gross national income

SFE:

Supercritical fluid extraction

PLE:

Pressurized liquid extraction

UAE:

Ultrasonic assisted extraction

MAE:

Microwave-assisted extraction

EAE:

Enzyme-assisted extraction

SPME:

Solid-phase microextraction

SPE:

Solid-phase extraction

RBP:

Retinol-binding protein

CRBP-I:

Cellular retinol-binding protein-I

ARAT:

Acyl-CoA/retinol acyltransferase

LRAT:

Lecithin/retinol acyltransferase

CRABP:

Cellular retinoic acid–binding protein

SCARB1:

Scavenger receptor class B type 1

ISX:

Intestine-specific homeobox genes

BCO1:

β-Carotene oxygenase 1

LIPC:

Hepatic lipase C

ABCA1:

ATP-binding cassette transporter

MTTP:

Microsomal TG transfer protein

NPC1L1:

Niemann-Pick C1-like 1

LPL:

Lipoprotein lipase

CETP:

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein

PDA:

Photodiode array detector

DAD:

Diode array detection

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

β-CRX:

β-Cryptoxanthin

CAT:

Catalase

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

GPX:

Glutathione peroxidases

RARs:

Retinoic acid receptors

RXRs:

Retinoid X receptors

PPARs:

Peroxisome proliferation activated receptors

RBC:

Red blood cell

RBP4:

Retinol-binding protein 4

STRA6:

Simulated retinoic acid 6

RDHs:

Retinal dehydrogenases

ALDH:

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

C/EBPα:

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α

UCP1:

Uncoupling protein 1

BAT:

Brown adipose tissue

CAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

PDGFRα:

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor.

NPPNB:

National Prophylaxis Programme to Prevent Nutritional Blindness

VAD:

Vitamin A deficiency

DALY:

Disability-adjusted life years

SSNP:

Social safety net programs

ICDS:

Integrated Child Development Scheme

MDM:

Mid-day meal

PDS:

Gujrat’s public distribution system

WHO:

World Health Organization

MNPs:

Micronutrient powders

UA-DSPME:

Ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Institute of Technology, Durgapur.

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  1. Debasmita Dutta and Anamika Nayak contributed equally to this work and share first authorship.

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  1. Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India

    Debasmita Dutta, Anamika Nayak & Debjani Dutta

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  2. Anamika Nayak
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Dutta, D., Nayak, A. & Dutta, D. Reconnoitring the Usage of Agroindustrial Waste in Carotenoid Production for Food Fortification: a Sustainable Approach to Tackle Vitamin A Deficiency. Food Bioprocess Technol 16, 467–491 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-022-02888-z

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