Abstract
The influence of applying an electric field (EF) treatment (1 kV/cm, 50 Hz) on a brandy stored in a 5-L oak barrel to simulate the industry application during 180 days was investigated in this paper. The compositions in the EF-treated and control brandy sample including tannins, total phenols, volatile phenols, esters as well as unpleasant compounds were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and solid phase micro-extraction along with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results showed that after being treated by EF the content of most beneficial materials on brandy quality such as tannins, total phenols, volatile phenols as well as esters was increased while the content of some harmful compounds (acetaldehyde, acetal, and higher alcohols) was decreased. The amounts of acetaldehyde and higher alcohols on treated sample were 7.1% and 10.5% lower than the control one, respectively. On the other hand, the content of tannins and total phenols in brandy treated for 180 days was significantly higher than the control sample. Therefore, it was demonstrated that the maturation process and esterification in oak barrel brandy was enhanced and the quality of the brandy was improved by EF treatment. The application of electric field treatment directly on oak barrel is a promising and feasible technology to accelerate brandy maturation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bronze, M. R., Boas, L. F. V., & Belchior, A. P. (1997). Analysis of old brandy and oak extracts by capillary electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography. A, 768, 143–152.
Chang, A. C. Z. (2003). The effects of gamma irradiation on rice wine maturation. Food Chemistry, 83, 323–327.
Chang, A. C. Z. (2004). The effects of different accelerating techniques on maize wine maturation. Food Chemistry, 86, 61–68.
Chang, A. C. Z., & Chen, F. C. (2002). The application of 20 kHz ultrasonic waves to accelerate aging of different wines. Food Chemistry, 79, 501–506.
Chatonnet, P., & Dubourdieu, D. (1998). Comparative study of the characteristics of American white oak (Quercus alba) and European oak (Quercus petraea and Quercus robur) for production of barrels used in barrel aging of wines. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 49(1), 79–85.
Chen, Y., Zeng, X. A., Dong, X. P., & Yang, H. F. (2004). Effects of aging acceleration by electric field on free amino acid of claret. Liquor-Making Science & Technology, 4, 80–81.
Chen, J., Zhang, R. B., Wang, X. Q., Luo, W., Mo, M. B., Wang, L. M., & Guan, Z. C. (2010). Effects of pulsed electric fields on phenols and colour in young red wine. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 30(1), 206–209.
Clarke, R. J., & Bakker, J. (2004). Wine flavour chemistry (1st ed.). Oxford: Blackwell (Chapter 4).
De Vito, F., Ferrari, G., Lebovka, N. I., Shynkaryk, N. V., & Vorobiev, E. (2008). Pulse duration and efficiency of soft cellular tissue disintegration by pulsed electric fields. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 1, 307–313.
Elles, C. G., Shkrob, I. A., & Crowell, R. A. (2007). Excited state dynamics of liquid water: insight from the dissociation reaction following two-photon excitation. Journal of Chemical Physics, 126(16), 164503.
Elperin, T., & Fominykh, A. (2006). Mass transfer during solute extraction from a fluid sphere with internal circulation in the presence of alternating electric field. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 45, 578–585.
Elperin, T., Fominykh, A., & Orenbakh, Z. (2004). Heat and mass transfer during bubble growth in an alternating electric field. International Communication Heat Mass Transfer, 31, 1047–1056.
Garde-Cerdán, T., Marsellés-Fontanet, A. R., Arias-Gil, M., Ancín-Azpilicueta, C., & Martín-Belloso, O. (2008). Effect of storage conditions on the volatile composition of wines obtained from must stabilized by PEF during ageing without SO2. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 9, 469–476.
Garde-Cerdán, T., Lorenzo, C., Alonso, G. L., & Salinas, M. R. (2010). Employment of near infrared spectroscopy to determine oak volatile compounds and ethylphenols in aged red wines. Food Chemistry, 119, 823–828.
Guan, Y. G., Yu, P., Yu, S. J., Xu, X. B., Shi, W. H., & Sun, W. W. (2011). Effects of pressure on the glucose–ammonium sulphite caramel solutions. Food Chemistry, 127, 596–601.
Han, Z., Zeng, X. A., Yu, S. J., Zhang, B. S., & Chen, X. D. (2009). Effects of pulsed electric fields (PEF) treatment on physicochemical properties of potato starch. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 10, 481–485.
Ho, P., Hogg, T. A., & Silva, M. C. M. (1999). Application of a liquid chromatographic method for the determination of phenolic compounds and furans in fortified wines. Food Chemistry, 64, 115–122.
Lambropoulos, I., & Roussis, I. G. (2007). Inhibition of the decrease of volatile esters and terpenes during storage of a white wine and a model wine medium by caffeic acid and gallic acid. Food Research International, 40, 176–181.
Lin, Z. Y., Zeng, X. A., Yu, S. J., & Sun, D. W. (2011) Enhancement of ethanol–acetic acid esterification under room temperature and non-catalytic condition via pulsed electric field application. Food and Bioprocess Technology. doi:10.1007/s11947-011-0678-4
Liu, X. J., Yin, Y. G., Fan, S. M., Zhu, C., & Luo, G. C. (2006). GC–MS analysis of aroma component variation of wine treated by high voltage pulse electric field. Food Science, 27(12), 654–657.
López, N., Puértolas, E., Hernández-Orte, P., álvarez, I., & Raso, J. (2009). Effect of a pulsed electric field treatment on the anthocyanins composition and other quality parameters of Cabernet Sauvignon freshly fermented model wines obtained after different maceration times. LWT- Food Science and Technology, 42, 1225–1231.
Lorenzo, C., Pardo, F., Zalacain, A., Alonso, G. L., & Salinas, M. R. (2008). Complementary effect of Cabernet Sauvignon on Monastrell wines. Journal of food composition and analysis, 21, 54–61.
Luo, W. B., Han, Z., Zeng, X. A., & Yu, S. J. (2010). Study on the degradation of chitosan by pulsed electric fields treatment. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 11(4), 587–591.
Monedero, L., Olalla, M., Villalón, M., López-García, H., & López, M. C. (2000). Standardisation of the chromatic characteristics of sobretablas wine macerates obtained by an accelerated ageing technique using heating and oak shavings. Food Chemistry, 69(1), 47–54.
Mosedale, J. R., & Puech, J. L. (1998). Wood maturation of distilled beverages. Food Science and Technology, 9, 95–101.
Mosedale, J. R., Puech, J. L., & Feuillat, F. (1999). The influence on wine flavor of the oak species and natural variation of heartwood components. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 50, 503–512.
Ortega-Heras, M., González-Huerta, C., Herrera, P., & González-Sanjosé, M. L. (2004). Changes in wine volatile compounds of varietal wines during ageing in wood barrels. Analytica Chimica Acta, 513, 341–350.
Ortega-Rivas, E. (2011). Critical issues pertaining to application of pulsed electric fields in microbial control and quality of processed fruit juices. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 4, 631–645.
Park, J. Y., Wang, Z. M., Kim, D. K., & Lee, J. S. (2010). Effects of water on the esterification of free fatty acids by acid catalysts. Renewable Energy, 35, 614–618.
Pérez-Prieto, L. J., López-Roca, J. M., Martínez-Cutillas, A., Pardo-Mínguez, F., & Gómez-Plaza, E. (2003). Extraction and formation dynamic of oak-related volatile compounds from different volume barrels to wine and their behavior during bottle storage. Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 5444–5449.
Puértolas, E., López, N., Condón, S., Raso, J., & álvarez, I. (2009). Pulsed electric fields inactivation of wine spoilage yeast and bacteria. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 130, 49–55.
Puértolas, E., Saldna, G., Condón, S., álvarez, I., & Raso, J. (2010). Evolution of polyphenolic compounds in red wine from Cabernet Sauvignon grapes processed by pulsed electric fields during aging in bottle. Food Chemistry, 119, 1063–1070.
Puértolas, E., Saldna, G., álvarez, I., & Raso, J. (2011). Experimental design approach for the evaluation of anthocyanin content of rose wines obtained by pulsed electric fields. Influence of temperature and time of maceration. Food Chemistry, 126, 1482–1487.
Rankine, B. C. (1967). Formation of higher alcohols by wine yeast and relationships to taste thresholds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 18, 583–589.
Sanz, M. L., Del Castillo, M. D., Corzo, N., & Olano, A. (2003). 2-Furoylmethyl amino acids and hydroxymethylfurfural as indicators of honey quality. Journal of agriculture and Food Chemistry, 51(15), 4278–4283.
Sanza, M. D. A., Domínguez, I. N., Cárcel, L. M. C., & Gracia, L. N. (2004). Analysis for low molecular weight phenolic compounds in a red wine aged in oak chips. Analytica Chimica Acta, 513, 229–237.
Shukla, M. K., & Leszczynski, J. (2010). Guanine in water solution: comprehensive study of hydration cage versus continuum solvation model. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 110(15), 3027–3039.
Singleton, V. L. (1987). Oxygen with phenols and related reactions in musts, wines and model systems: observations and practical implications. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 38, 69–77.
Spillman, P. J., Pollnitz, A. P., Liacopoulos, D., Pardon, K. H., & Sefton, M. A. (1998). Formation and degradation of furfuryl alcohol, 5-methylfurfuryl alcohol, vanillyl alcohol, and their ethyl ethers in barrel-aged wines. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry, 46, 657–663.
Stefano, R. (1988). The volatile compounds of wood-aged wines. Vinid'Italia, 30, 9–18.
Wang, J., Guan, Y. G., Yu, S. J., Zeng, X. A., Liu, Y. Y., Yuan, S., & Xu, Y. (2011). Study on the Maillard reaction enhanced by pulsed electric field in a glycin–glucose model system. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 4, 469–474.
Xiang, B. Y., Ngadi, M. O., Ochoa-Martinez, L. A., & Simpson, M. V. (2009). Pulsed electric field-induced structural modification of whey protein isolate. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 4, 1341–1348.
Zeng, X. A., Chen, Y., & Gao, W. H. (2005). Pulsed electric field nonthermal sterilization technology (1st ed.). Beijing: Chinese Light Industry. Chapter 2.
Zeng, X. A., Yu, S. J., Zhang, L., & Chen, X. D. (2008). The effects of AC electric field on wine maturation. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 9, 463–468.
Zhang, D. X., Li, A. M., Xu, X., & Tarasov, V. V. (2008). Effect of surfactants and static electric field on characteristics of liquid–liquid mass transfer kinetics. Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology, 28(3), 267–270.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the funding received from Guangdong Province Government (China) for the project of “Leading Talent of Guangdong Province (Da-Wen Sun)”. The research was also supported by the Chinese National “863” project (2011AA100801), the Chinese National Natural Science Fund (2107608) as well as the S&T Project of Guangdong Province (2010A090200036).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, B., Zeng, X.A., Sun, DW. et al. Effect of Electric Field Treatments on Brandy Aging in Oak Barrels. Food Bioprocess Technol 6, 1635–1643 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-0788-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-0788-7