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Genetic, Genomic, and Heritable Components of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

While BPH, and the complications that follow, represents the largest cause of urologic suffering both in the USA and globally, the underlying causes remain unknown. As the age of the population grows and providers dwindle, better understanding, treatments and prevention of this disease process are critical. Multiple lines of research have suggested a genetic or genomic component, and we have summarized the recent findings and avenues for future exploration.

Recent Findings

Micro-RNAs are a relatively newly found class of genetic modulators that are intimately integrated with cellular function, and a number of specific imbalances or defects in these controlling molecules are associated with BPH. Similarly, single nucleotide polymorphisms and genome-wide arrays have allowed identification of cellular pathways that also appear linked with development of histologic BPH in ageing men. Alterations of these systems, including both hormonal and nonhormonal defects such as failure of senescence, appear to be linked with this hyperplasia.

Summary

The wide suffering caused by this unplanned growth of the prostate demands better understanding of its causes. We summarize current findings and open avenues of genetic and genomic research: imbalances in specific miRNAs and other imbalanced gene/protein expression pathways, specifically including TGF-β, multiple CYP- genes, and the microenvironments of the ER and AR receptors. Failures of senescence may be involved. The overarching causes are currently indistinguishable from the downstream effects, and much work remains.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA

    Alan M. Makedon & Sera X. Sempson

  2. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, 1700 N Wheeling Street, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA

    Paige Hargis & Granville L. Lloyd

  3. Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Hospital, Aurora, USA

    Granville L. Lloyd

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  1. Alan M. Makedon
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Correspondence to Granville L. Lloyd.

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Makedon, A.M., Sempson, S.X., Hargis, P. et al. Genetic, Genomic, and Heritable Components of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep 18, 154–164 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11884-023-00697-4

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