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Non-pharmacological management of hypertension: in the light of current research

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Abstract

Hypertension is a major risk factor for a number of cardiovascular diseases. Proper management of hypertension may require both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Non-pharmacological interventions help reduce the daily dose of antihypertensive medication and delay the progression from prehypertension to hypertension stage. Non-pharmacological interventions include lifestyle modifications like dietary modifications, exercise, avoiding stress, and minimizing alcohol consumption. Nutritional requirements of hypertensive individuals can be addressed through adopting either the DASH diet or through traditional Mediterranean diet. These dietary guidelines promote the consumption of fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy products, and food rich in K+, Mg+2, Ca+2, and phosphorus. Restriction of Na+ intake has the greatest role in lowering the blood pressure. The DASH diet alone has the effect equal to that of a single drug therapy. After dietary modifications, exercise and weight loss are the second major intervention for hypertension management. Avoiding stressful lifestyle, depression, and anxiety also help to reduce elevated blood pressure. Minimizing alcohol intake also favors the blood pressure reduction. However, lifestyle modification is a dynamic process and requires continuous adherence. It is a multi-factorial approach targeting more than one intervention. However, 6–12-month lifestyle modifications can be attempted in stage-1 hypertensive patients without any cardiovascular complication, in the hope that they may be sufficiently effective to make it unnecessary to use medicines.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan

    Sajid Mahmood, Kifayat Ullah Shah, Sarfraz Nawaz, Haroon Rashid, Syed Waqar Ali Baqar & Sohail Kamran

  2. Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan

    Sajid Mahmood, Kifayat Ullah Shah, Sarfraz Nawaz, Haroon Rashid, Syed Waqar Ali Baqar & Sohail Kamran

  3. School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia

    Tahir Mehmood Khan

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Mahmood, S., Shah, K.U., Khan, T.M. et al. Non-pharmacological management of hypertension: in the light of current research. Ir J Med Sci 188, 437–452 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-018-1889-8

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