Skip to main content
Log in

Marketers’ Conduct and Profitability as a Response to Sustainable Livelihood: The Example of Bush Mango Kernels (Irvingia spp.) in Ondo State, Nigeria

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Small-scale Forestry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The study critically assessed the conduct and profitability of the marketing of bush mango kernels (Irvingia spp.) as a response to sustainable livelihood in Ondo State, Nigeria. Data were collected with the aid of a structured questionnaire, and a multistage sampling procedure was employed for the random selection of 120 respondents. Descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis, and two-stage least square regression were employed to analyse the data. The results on conduct showed that about 36% of the marketers were wholesalers who got their products directly from gatherers/collectors in bulk, and 37% of the marketers were retailers who got their product from wholesalers in the area. Also, about 27% of the marketers were retailers who got their products from either gatherers or processors in the area. The results on costs and returns revealed that bush mango kernel marketers made a gross margin and profit of ₦59,069.22 ($155.34) and ₦56,978.63 ($149.84), respectively, in a marketing cycle. The value of capital turnover (1.34) indicated that on every ₦1 invested, 34 kobo will be realised as gain. The results of the two-stage least square regression revealed that quantity sold, being a female marketer, moderate family size, being educated and having access to credit with a good number of years of experience had significant influence on the profit, while the lack of capital, environmental factors and high cost of transportation formed the bulk of problems faced by the marketers in the area. Therefore, modern technology with attractive marketing strategies that could boost profitability and market participation should be encouraged in the area.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agbor LON (1994) Marketing trends and potentials for Irvingia gabonensis products in Nigeria. Paper presented at the ICRAF-IITA conference on Irvingia gabonensis, Ibadan, Nigeria

  • Agricultural Development Programmes [ADP] report (2018) Annual Report. ADP, Alagbaka, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

    Google Scholar 

  • Arowosoge OGE (2017) Marketing and utilization of Irvingia Kernels “Ogbono” in Ado-Ekiti metropolitan area of Ekiti State, Nigeria. J Agric Ecol Res Int 13(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.9734/JAERI/2017/36538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayuk ET, Duguma B, Franzel S, Kengue J, Mollet SM, Tiki-Manga T, Zenkekeng P (1999) Uses, management and economic potentials Irvingia gabonensis in the humid lowlands of Cameroon. For Ecol Manag 113:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babalola FD, Agbeja BO (2009) Marketing of Irvingia spp (Bush mango) in Southwest Nigeria: prospects and challenges. Res J Agric Biol Sci 5(6):944–953

    Google Scholar 

  • Botchkarev A, Andru P (2011) The use of return on investment (ROI) in the performance measurement and evaluation of information systems. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Draft V0. pp 1–81

  • Chah JM, Ani NA, Irohibe JI, Agwu AE (2014) Exploitation of bush mango (Irvingia wombolu and Irvingia gabonensis) among rural household in Enugu State, Nigeria. J Agric Ext 18:44–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark LE, Sunderland TCH (2004) The key non-timber forest products of Central Africa: State of the knowledge. USAID Technical paper 122

  • Ejiofor MAN (1994) Nutritional values of Ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis, Var- excelsa). In: International Centre for Research in Agroforestry and International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Conference on Irvingia gabonensis, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp 52–60

  • Etebu E (2012) Postharvest pathology and phytochemicals of irvingia gabonensis fruits and wastes. Agric Sci Resour J 2:285–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewane ME (2010) Markets and market chain analysis for bush mango (Irvingia spp.). In: The south west and east regions of Cameroon. Unpublished M.SC thesis, University of Buea, Cameroon

  • FAO (2007) State of the world’s forests. Rome, Italy

  • Iwuji J (2010) Structure, conduct and performance of palm oil marketing in Abia and Kaduna States, Nigeria. Unpublished M.Sc thesis, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

  • Joseph JK (1995) Physico–chemical attributes of wild mango (Irvingian gabonensis) seeds. Bioresour Technol 53:179–181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kengni EZ, Tchoundjeu CMF, Mbofung FM, Tchouanguep CMF, Asaah EK (2003) Value added processing of tree products in agroforestry systems: description and consumer preferences of Africa plum (D.edulis) fruit pulp spread. Proceedings of the international conference on building agricultural and natural resources education in Africa: quality and relevance of tertiary education, April 14–16, 2003, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya

  • Kmenta J (1997) Elements of econometrics, 2nd edn. Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.15701

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ladipo DO (2000) Harvesting of Irvingia gabonensis and Irvingia wombolu in Nigerian forests: potentials for the development of sustainable systems. In: Paper presented at the seminar on harvesting of non-wood forest products, held at Menemen-Izmir, Turkey

  • Nagler J (1999) Notes on simultaneous equation and two stage least square estimates. Available at https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81186681.pdf. Accessed 13 Feb 2020

  • NCSS (2020) Two stage least squares. Data analysis and graphics software. Available at https://www.ncss.com/software/ncss/regression-analysis-in-ncss/#2SLS. Accessed 13 Feb 2020

  • Ndoye O, Awono A, Schrekenberg K, Leakey R (2004) Commercialization of indigenous fruit for poverty alleviation. A policy briefing note for governments in the African humid tropics region. Overseas Development Institute, London, p 2

    Google Scholar 

  • Nerfa L, Rhemtulla JM, Zerriffin H (2020) Forest dependence is more than forest income: development of a new index of forest product collection and livelihood resources. World Dev 125(2020):104689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104689

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nkwatoh AF (1998) The role of processing and storage in NTFPs market price determination in Ejagham Forest Reserve Cameroon. In: Paper presented at the International workshop on Non-wood-forest-Products at the Limbe Botanic Garden, Cameroon. p 17

  • Nkwatoh AF, Labode P, Iyassa SM, Nkwatoh FW (2010) Evaluation of Irvingia (I. gabonensis and I. wombulu .Bail) trade; a major non-timber forest product in the Ejagham Forest Reserve of South West Cameroon. Ethiop J Environ Stud Manag 3:70–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NPC (2006) Nigeria Population Commissions. Nigeria: Report on the Demographic and Health Survey. Retrieved from http://www.population.gov.ng/index.php/publication/140-popn-distri-by-sex-state-jgas-and-senatorial-distr-2006

  • Olutumise AI, Oparinde LO, Simon-Oke OO (2020) Assessment of income inequality, structure and conduct of cocoa marketers in Osun State, Nigeria. J Sci Res Rep 25(6):1–12. https://doi.org/10.9734/JSRR/2019/v25i630204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Omokhua GE, Ukoima HN, Aiyeloja AA (2012) Fruits and seeds production of Irvingia gabonensis (O’ Rorke) and its economic importance in Edo Central, Nigeria. J Agric Soc Res (JASR) 12(1):149–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Oseni JO, Olutumise AI, Olutumise BO (2018) Performance evaluation of cocoa marketing in Osun State, Nigeria. J Perspect Financ Reg Dev 6(1):97–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouma E, Jagwe J, Obare GA, Abele S (2010) Determinants of smallholder farmers’ participation in banana markets in Central Africa: the role of transaction costs. Agric Econ 41(2010):111–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2009.00429.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suleiman MS, Wasonga VO, Mbau JS, Suleiman A, Elhadi YA (2017) Non-timber forest products and their contribution to household’s income around Falgore Game Reserve in Kano, Nigeria. Ecol Process 6:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-017-0090-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tajoacha A (2008) Market chain analysis of the main NTFPs in the Takamanda/Mone forest reserves, South West of Cameroon and the Cross River State of Nigeria. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon. p 96

  • Tchounanguep FM, Tchounjeu MZ, Carl MS (2017) Sensory evaluation of tropical bush mango (Irvingia Gabonensis) fruits. Pak J Nutr 6:562–670

    Google Scholar 

  • Tieguhong JC, Ndoye O (2007) The impact of Timber harvesting on the availability of non-timber forest products in the Congo Basin. Forest and harvesting case study 23. FAO, Rome, Italy, p 37

    Google Scholar 

  • Wooldridge JM (2002) Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

No fund was received to carry out this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Adewale Isaac Olutumise.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

There is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Olutumise, A.I., Ijigbade, J.O. & Aturamu, O.A. Marketers’ Conduct and Profitability as a Response to Sustainable Livelihood: The Example of Bush Mango Kernels (Irvingia spp.) in Ondo State, Nigeria. Small-scale Forestry 22, 235–252 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-022-09524-w

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-022-09524-w

Keywords

Navigation