Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Grain Refinement and Mechanical Properties of Photovoltaic Frame 6063 Al Alloy with an Addition of ECAP-ed Al-5%Ti-1%B Master Alloy

  • Technical Article
  • Published:
JOM Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Al-5%Ti-1%B master alloy was subjected to equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), aiming to investigate the effects of the ECAP passes and addition amounts of the Al-5%Ti-1%B master alloy on the microstructure and mechanical properties of recycled photovoltaic frame aluminum alloys. The results showed that the ECAP-ed Al-5%Ti-1%B master alloy exhibited an enhanced grain refinement efficiency compared to the as-cast samples. For the addition of 0.15%Ti with Al-5%Ti-1%B master alloy processed by four passes of ECAP, the mean size of α-Al was refined from 300 μm to 70 μm, and the roundness of the grains was reduced from 4.4 to 1.2. Meanwhile, microhardness increased from 40 HV to 55 HV, tensile strength increased from 122 MPa to 152 MPa, and elongation to failure increased from 21% to 26%. The ECAP process enhanced the refinement efficiency of the Al-5%Ti-1%B master alloy, providing a novel approach for enhancing the performance of recycled photovoltaic frame aluminum alloys.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Y. Wang, G. Zhao, L. Sun, X. Wang, D. Wei, and L. Liu, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 17, 756 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.01.054 (2022).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. S. Whalen, B.S. Taysom, N. Overman, M. Reza-E-Rabby, Y. Qiao, T. Richter, T. Skszek, and M. DiCiano, Manuf. Lett. 36, 52 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2023.01.005 (2023).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. P.-C. Huan, X.-N. Wang, J. Zhang, Z.-R. Hu, W.-G. Chen, H. Nagaumi, and H.-S. Di, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 790, 139713 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139713 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. R. Deng, N.L. Chang, Z. Ouyang, and C.M. Chong, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 109, 532 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.04.020 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. K.A. Trowell, S. Goroshin, D.L. Frost, and J.M. Bergthorson, Appl. Energy 275, 115112 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115112 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. K. Ganjehfard, R. Taghiabadi, M.T. Noghani, and M.H. Ghoncheh, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 28, 718 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2039-7 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. H. Guo, W. Hu, K. Yang, and C. Yu, Mater. Sci. Technol. 38, 352 https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2022.2043076 (2022).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. F. Corcelli, M. Ripa, E. Leccisi, V. Cigolotti, V. Fiandra, G. Graditi, L. Sannino, M. Tammaro, and S. Ulgiati, Ecol. Indic. 94, 37 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.03.028 (2018).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Y.C. Lin, S.-C. Luo, J. Huang, L.-X. Yin, and X.-Y. Jiang, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 725, 530 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.04.049 (2018).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. H. Karakoç, Ş Karabulut, and R. Çıtak, Compos. Part B 148, 68 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.04.043 (2018).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. N. Thangapandian, S. BalasivanandhaPrabu, and K.A. Padmanabhan, Acta Metall. Sin-Engl. 32, 835 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-018-0866-6 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. M.E. Demir, Y.H. Çelik, E. Kilickap, and A. Kalkanli, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part E. 237, 2574 https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089221139095 (2022).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Z.-S. Yang, Y. Dong, W. Li, and X. Liu, Mater. Res. Exp. 9, 046501 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac60e4 (2022).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. W. Ding, Y. Cheng, X. Zhao, T. Chen, H. Zhang, and W. Zhao, Mater. Res. Exp. 7, 086510 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/abad07 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. W. Ding, X. Liu, X. Zhao, T. Chen, H. Zhang, W. Zhao, and C. Li, Mater. Res. Exp. 7, 106522 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/abc123 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. B. Guo, Z. Zhang, and R. Li, NDT&E Int. 93, 34 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2017.09.013 (2018).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Z. Xie, Y. Guan, J. Lin, J. Zhai, and L. Zhu, Ultrasonics 96, 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2019.03.017 (2019).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. T. Mo, S. Liu, R. Yang, H. Xiao, W. Li, and K. Ma, Mater. Charact. 202, 113003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2023.113003 (2023).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. L. Bian, X. Liu, T. Wang, W. Liang, and Y. Zheng, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 872, 144022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.144022 (2023).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. M.E. Demir, Y.H. Çelik, and A. Kalkanli, Arabian J. Sci. Eng. 47, 16187 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-06891-6 (2022).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. S. Li, Y. Guo, H. Liu, C. Yu, and L. Yu, Mater. Res. Exp. 10, 106508 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/acff3d (2023).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. R. Lin, B. Liu, J. Zhang, and S. Zhang, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 19, 354 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.05.011 (2022).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Z. Fan, Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, T. Qin, X.R. Zhou, G.E. Thompson, T. Pennycook, and T. Hashimoto, Acta Mater. 84, 292 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.10.055 (2015).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. L. Zhou, F. Gao, G.S. Peng, and N. Alba-Baena, J. Alloys Compd. 689, 401 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.07.062 (2016).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. L. Zhang, Q. Zheng, H. Jiang, and J. Zhao, Scr. Mater. 160, 25 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.09.042 (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Y. Wang, C.M. Fang, L. Zhou, T. Hashimoto, X. Zhou, Q.M. Ramasse, and Z. Fan, Acta Mater. 164, 428 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.10.056 (2019).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Y. Jia, S. Wang, and D. Shu, J. Alloys Compd. 821, 153504 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153504 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. H. Xie and J. Lv, Mater. Res. Exp. 8, 066513 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac0559 (2021).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Z. Fan, F. Gao, Y. Wang, H. Men, and L. Zhou, Prog. Mater. Sci. 123, 100809 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2021.100809 (2022).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Y. Zhao, W. He, D. Song, F. Shen, X. Li, Z. Sun, Y. Wang, S. Liu, Y. Du, and R. Fernandez, Ultrason. Sonochem. 89, 106139 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106139 (2022).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Y. Luo, L. Zhou, M. Kang, G. Peng, W. Li, S. Miao, Y. Huang, Y. Zhao, and Y. Xu, JOM 74, 1210 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-021-05137-4 (2022).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Z. Zhang, S. Hosoda, I.-S. Kim, and Y. Watanabe, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 425, 55 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.03.018 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Z. Zhang, Y. Watanabe, I. Kim, X. Liu, and X. Bian, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 36, 837 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-005-0197-x (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. M.H. Khan, A. Das, Z. Li, and H.R. Kotadia, Intermetallics 132, 107132 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2021.107132 (2021).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. S. Feng, E. Liotti, A. Lui, M.D. Wilson, T. Connolley, R.H. Mathiesen, and P.S. Grant, Acta Mater. 196, 759 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.06.045 (2020).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. A. Lui, P.S. Grant, I.C. Stone, and K.A.Q. O’Reilly, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 50, 5242 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05447-y (2019).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. C. Choudhary, K.L. Sahoo, H. Roy, and D. Mandal, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 31, 3262 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-06413-9 (2022).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. J.M. Yu, T. Hashimoto, H.T. Li, N. Wanderka, Z. Zhang, C. Cai, X.L. Zhong, J. Qin, Q.P. Dong, H. Nagaumi, and X.N. Wang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 120, 118 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2022.02.007 (2022).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. M. Zhang, K. Liu, J. Han, F. Qian, J. Wang, and S. Guan, Mater. Today Commun. 26, 102055 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102055 (2021).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. M. Easton and D. StJohn, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 36, 1911 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-005-0054-y (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors sincerely appreciate the financial support provided by Jiangsu Carbon Peak Carbon Neutrality Science and Technology Innovation Project (BE2022044), Jiangsu International Science and Technology Project (BZ2021078), International Chinese Education Innovation Project of Ministry of Education of P. R. China (21YH011CX5), and Changzhou Science and Technology Project (CZ20210003).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, 1 Gehu Road, Changzhou, 213164, People’s Republic of China

    Dong Sheng Wang, Wei Wei, Kun Xia Wei, Xu Long An, Dan Dan Wang & Xiang Kui Liu

  2. CNPC-CZU Innovation Alliance, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials Surface Science and Technology, Advanced Functional Materials of Jiangsu Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, People’s Republic of China

    Dong Sheng Wang, Wei Wei, Kun Xia Wei, Igor V. Alexandrov, Xu Long An, Dan Dan Wang & Xiang Kui Liu

  3. Department of Materials Science and Physics of Metals, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 12 K. Marx, Ufa, Russia, 450008

    Igor V. Alexandrov

Authors
  1. Dong Sheng Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wei Wei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kun Xia Wei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Igor V. Alexandrov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xu Long An
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Dan Dan Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Xiang Kui Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Wei Wei, Kun Xia Wei or Igor V. Alexandrov.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, D.S., Wei, W., Wei, K.X. et al. Grain Refinement and Mechanical Properties of Photovoltaic Frame 6063 Al Alloy with an Addition of ECAP-ed Al-5%Ti-1%B Master Alloy. JOM 76, 2027–2042 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-024-06413-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-024-06413-9

Search

Navigation