Abstract
Plant invasions threaten native biodiversity, but detailed information on patterns and mechanisms of diversity changes across multitrophic levels remains unknown. Alien plants can reduce richness of native plants, thereby negatively affecting arthropods and their multitrophic interactions. In particular, tall invasive trees may limit native understory plants and associated arthropods more than small invasive shrubs, which may support light-demanding taxa under their more open canopies. In this study, we investigated how two non-native highly invasive species (shrub Sorbaria sorbifolia and tree Amelanchier spicata) and two native species (shrub Rubus idaeus and tree Prunus padus) distributed in monodominant patches along roadsides in SW Finland affect arthropod-feeding guild biomass and food webs. Under trees, regardless of their origin, the diversity and biomass of understory plants and arthropods living in the canopy and on the ground was significantly reduced compared to shrubs, which had higher biodiversity and more significant interactions between feeding guilds and understory plants. The higher biomass of native understory plants increased the abundance of herbivores under the shrubs, and thus indirectly predators. The species richness of understory plants determined the richness of saprophagous organisms in native stands. We conclude that more open roadside shrub canopies support greater plant and arthropod biodiversity and more complex food web structures compared to shady tree stands, and that alien shrubs do not necessarily reduce arthropod biodiversity. The study opens up the possibility of predicting arthropod composition and biomass using functional attributes of understory vegetation and the origin, physiognomy and species identity of overstory dominants.
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Data are available from Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/28jd4/
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Acknowledgements
We thank Salla Härkönen, Mikael Willberg, Eero Vesterinen, Tommi Andersson for assistance in the field and lab; Jere Kahanpää, Kaj Winqvist (Diptera); Satu Kuntsi, Petri Martikainen (Coleoptera); Anna More (Araneae); Guy Söderman (Heteroptera) for taxonomic assistance. The study was funded by the Academy of Finland (to KN). VL, JD and LČ were supported by the Czech Science Foundation (projects 23-07533S, 21-26883S) and Czech Academy of Science (RVO 67985939, RVO 60077344).
Funding
The study was funded by the Academy of Finland (to KN). VL, JD and LČ were supported by the Czech Science Foundation (projects 23-07533S, 21-26883S) and Czech Academy of Science (RVO 67985939, RVO 60077344).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by VL, TML, VR and KN. Data were analyzed by VL, JD and LČ. The first draft of the manuscript was written by TML, VL, JD and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Appendix
Appendix
See Tables 2, 3, 4, 5 and fig. 7
The yield (dry weight) of the three largest beetles (Cetonia aurata, Potosia cuprea and Trichius fasciatus) in the window traps during summers 2011–2012. These flower-visiting beetles with detritivorous larvae were not captured at ground level in the study patches
List of arthropod species included in the analyses.
Window samples | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Guild | Group | Species | Family |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Acrotrichis atomaria | Ptiliidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Acrotrichis brevipennis | Ptiliidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Acrotrichis cognata | Ptiliidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Acrotrichis fascicularis | Ptiliidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Acrotrichis grandicollis | Ptiliidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Acrotrichis intermedia | Ptiliidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Acrotrichis pumila | Ptiliidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Acupalpus flavicollis | Carabidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Adrastus pallens | Elateridae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Agonum piceum | Carabidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Agriotes lineatus | Elateridae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Agriotes obscurus | Elateridae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Aleochara bipustulata | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Aleochara inconspicua | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Aloconota gregaria | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Aloconota subgrandis | Staphylinidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Alosterna tabacicolor | Cerambycidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Amara aulica | Carabidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Amara familiaris | Carabidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Amara lunicollis | Carabidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Amischa analis | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Amischa decipiens | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Amischa nigrofusca | Staphylinidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Amphimallon solstitiale | Scarabaeidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Anaspis frontalis | Scraptiidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Anaspis thoracica | Scraptiidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Anastrangalia reyi | Cerambycidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Anisotoma axillaris | Leiodidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Anoplodera maculicornis | Cerambycidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Anoplodera sanguinolenta | Cerambycidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Anotylus rugosus | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Antherophagus nigricornis | Cryptophagidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Anthonomus humeralis | Curculionidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Anthonomus rectirostris | Curculionidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Anthonomus rubi | Curculionidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Anthophagus caraboides | Staphylinidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Anthrenus museorum | Dermestidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Apion ervi | Curculionidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Apion fulvipes | Curculionidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Apion hookerorum | Curculionidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Apion meieri | Curculionidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Apion subulatum | Curculionidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Apion viciae | Curculionidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Aplotarsus incanus | Elateridae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Aridius nodifer | Latridiidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Arpedium quadrum | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Atheta dubiosa | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atheta fungi | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Atheta gregaria | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Atheta laticollis | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Atheta orbata | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Atheta zosterae | Staphylinidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Athous niger | Elateridae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Athous subfuscus | Elateridae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atomaria apicalis | Cryptophagidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atomaria atra | Cryptophagidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atomaria fuscata | Cryptophagidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atomaria fuscicollis | Cryptophagidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atomaria lewisi | Cryptophagidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atomaria nigrirostris | Cryptophagidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atomaria nitidula | Cryptophagidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atomaria peltata | Cryptophagidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atomaria pulchra | Cryptophagidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atomaria ruficornis | Cryptophagidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atomaria testacea | Cryptophagidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atomaria turgida | Cryptophagidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atomaria zetterstedti | Cryptophagidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Autalia rivularis | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Bembidion guttula | Carabidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Bembidion lampros | Carabidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Bembidion quadrimaculatum | Carabidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Bibloporus bicolor | Pselaphidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Bibloporus minutus | Pselaphidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Brachypterolus linariae | Kateretidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Byturus tomentosus | Byturidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Cantharis figurata | Cantharidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Cantharis lateralis | Cantharidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Cantharis livida | Cantharidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Cantharis nigricans | Cantharidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Cantharis obscura | Cantharidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Carpelimus bilineatus | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Cartodere constricta | Latridiidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Cassida flaveola | Chrysomelidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Cercyon analis | Hydrophylidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Cerylon histeroides | Cerylonidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Cetonia aurata | Scarabaeidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Ceutorrhynchus floralis | Curculionidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Chaetocnema concinna | Chrysomelidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Chaetocnema hortensis | Chrysomelidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Chaetocnema mannerheimii | Chrysomelidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Charopus graminicola | Malachiidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Chrysanthia geniculata | Oedemeridae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Cicindela campestris | Carabidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Cidnopus minutus | Elateridae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Clambus punctulum | Clambydae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Coccinella septempunctata | Coccinellidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Colenis immunda | Leiodidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Corticaria elongata | Latridiidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Corticaria impressa | Latridiidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Corticarina fuscula | Latridiidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Cortinicara gibbosa | Latridiidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Cryptophagus pseudodentatus | Cryptophagidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Cryptopleurum minutum | Hydrophylidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Ctenicera pectinicornis | Elateridae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Cychramus luteus | Nitidulidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Dacne bipustulata | Erotylidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Dalopius marginatus | Elateridae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Dasytes niger | Dasytidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Dasytes plumbeus | Dasytidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Dinaraea aequata | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Enicmus rugosus | Latridiidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Enicmus transversalis | Latridiidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Epuraea aestiva | Nitidulidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Epuraea pallescens | Nitidulidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Epuraea rufomarginata | Nitidulidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Epuraea unicolor | Nitidulidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Euplectus karsteni | Pselaphidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Gabrius austriacus | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Gabrius trossulus | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Gyrohypnus angustatus | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Gyrophaena affinis | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Gyrophaena joyoides | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Haploglossa villosula | Staphylinidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Harpalus rufipes | Carabidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Hemicrepidius niger | Elateridae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Heterhelus scutellaris | Kateretidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Holobus flavicornis | Staphylinidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Hypera meles | Curculionidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Lagria hirta | Tenebrionidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Lampyris noctiluca | Lampyridae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Leptura quadrifasciata | Cerambycidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Limonius aeneoniger | Elateridae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Lithocharis fulvipes | Staphylinidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Longitarsus nasturtii | Chrysomelidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Magdalis ruficornis | Curculionidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Malachius bipustulatus | Malachiidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Malthodes brevicollis | Cantharidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Megarthrus denticollis | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Megarthrus depressus | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Megarthrus nitidus | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Megasternum concinnum | Hydrophylidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Megasternum obscurum | Hydrophylidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Melanophthalma curticollis | Latridiidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Melanophthalma transversalis | Latridiidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Melanotus castanipes | Elateridae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Meligethes aeneus | Nitidulidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Meligethes carinulatus | Nitidulidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Meligethes denticulatus | Nitidulidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Meligethes pedicularius | Nitidulidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Miarus campanulae | Curculionidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Molorchus minor | Cerambycidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Mordella aculeata | Mordellidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Mycetoporus lepidus | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Myllaena minuta | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Neuraphes angulatus | Scydmaenidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Oedemera virescens | Oedemeridae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Ophonus rufibarbis | Carabidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Orthoperus atomus | Corylophidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Orthoperus brunnipes | Corylophidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Oxypoda elongatula | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Oxypoda sp. | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Philhygra malleus | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Philhygra sp. | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Philonthus carbonarius | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Philonthus concinnus | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Philonthus politus | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Philonthus tenuicornis | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Phloeopora testacea | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Philorhizus sigma | Carabidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Phloeopora corticalis | Staphylinidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Phyllobius oblongus | Curculionidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Phyllobius pyri | Curculionidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Phyllotreta undulata | Chrysomelidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Phyllotreta vittula | Chrysomelidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Pityogenes quadridens | Curculionidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Platystethus nodifrons | Staphylinidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Potosia cuprea | Scarabaeidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Propylaea quatuordecimpunctata | Coccinellidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Prosternon tessellatum | Elateridae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Proteinus brachypterus | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Ptenidium nitidum | Ptiliidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Ptenidium pusillum | Ptiliidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Pterostichus crenatus | Carabidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Rhagonycha limbata | Cantharidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Salpingus planirostris | Salpingidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Scaphisoma agaricinum | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Sciodrepoides watsoni | Leiodidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Sepedophilus littoreus | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Sericoderus lateralis | Corylophidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Serica brunnea | Scarabaeidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Silvanoprus fagi | Silvanidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Sitona sp. | Curculionidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Stenurela melanura | Cerambycidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Stephostethus lardarius | Latridiidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Strophosoma capitatum | Curculionidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Tachinus rufipes | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Tachinus signatus | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Tachyporus chrysomelinus | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Tachyporus dispar | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Tachyporus hypnorum | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Tachyporus nitidulus | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Tachyporus obtusus | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Tachyporus pallidus | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Telmatophilus typhae | Cryptophagidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Trichius fasciatus | Scarabaeidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Trimium brevicorne | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Trixagus dermestoides | Elateridae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Trixagus meybohmi | Elateridae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Tychius picirostris | Curculionidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Zyras lugens | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Aphanotrigonum trilineatum | Chloropidae |
Flower | Diptera | Bellardia bayeri | Calliphoridae |
Flower | Diptera | Bellardia viarum | Calliphoridae |
Flower | Diptera | Bellardia vulgaris | Calliphoridae |
Predator | Diptera | Bicellaria spuria | Empididae |
Predator | Diptera | Bicellaria sulcata | Empididae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Borophaga carinifrons | Phoridae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Botanophila fugax | Anthomyiidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Calliopum aeneum | Lauxaniidae |
Flower | Diptera | Campiglossa absinthii | Tephritidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Catharosia pygmaea | Tachinidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Cephalops carinatus | Pipunculidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Cephalops subultimus | Pipunculidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Cerodontha luctuosa | Agromyzidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Ceroxys urticae | Ulidiidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Chlorops calceatus | Chloropidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Chlorops hypostigma | Chloropidae |
Predator | Diptera | Chrysotus gramineus | Dolichopodidae |
Predator | Diptera | Coenosia intermedia | Muscidae |
Predator | Diptera | Coenosia pumila | Muscidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Conioscinella frontella | Chloropidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Conioscinella sordidella | Chloropidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Delia coarctata | Anthomyiidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Delia florilega | Anthomyiidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Delia platura | Anthomyiidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Delia radicum | Anthomyiidae |
Flower | Diptera | Desmometopa sordidum | Milichiidae |
Flower | Diptera | Desmometopa varipalpis | Milichiidae |
Flower | Diptera | Dilophus sp. | Bibionidae |
Flower | Diptera | Diplonevra funebris | Phoridae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Discocerina obscurella | Ephydridae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Ditrichophora fuscella | Ephydridae |
Flower | Diptera | Dolichocephala irrorata | Empididae |
Predator | Diptera | Dolichopus plumipes | Dolichopodidae |
Predator | Diptera | Dolichopus simplex | Dolichopodidae |
Predator | Diptera | Drapetis ephippiata | Hybotidae |
Predator | Diptera | Drapetis ephippium | Hybotidae |
Predator | Diptera | Drapetis infatialis | Hybotidae |
Predator | Diptera | Drapetis pusilla | Hybotidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Drosophila obscura | Drosophilidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Elachiptera cornuta | Chloropidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Elachiptera diastema | Chloropidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Elachiptera tuberculifera | Chloropidae |
Predator | Diptera | Empis bicuspidata | Empididae |
Predator | Diptera | Empis livida | Empididae |
Predator | Diptera | Empis nigripes | Empididae |
Predator | Diptera | Empis syrovatkai | Empididae |
Predator | Diptera | Empis tessellata | Empididae |
Flower | Diptera | Episyrphus balteatus | Syrphidae |
Flower | Diptera | Eriothrix rufomaculata | Tachinidae |
Flower | Diptera | Eupeodes corollae | Syrphidae |
Predator | Diptera | Euthyneura myrtilli | Hybotidae |
Flower | Diptera | Fannia serena | Fanniidae |
Predator | Diptera | Gymnoclasiopa aurivillii | Ephydridae |
Predator | Diptera | Gymnopternus metallicus | Dolichopodidae |
Flower | Diptera | Helina depuncta | Muscidae |
Flower | Diptera | Helina obscurata | Muscidae |
Flower | Diptera | Helophilus pendulus | Syrphidae |
Predator | Diptera | Hybos culiciformis | Hybotidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Hydrellia albilabris | Ephydridae |
Flower | Diptera | Hydrellia griseola | Ephydridae |
Flower | Diptera | Hydrophoria lancifer | Anthomyiidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Hylemya vagans | Anthomyiidae |
Flower | Diptera | Lasiambia coxalis | Chloropidae |
Flower | Diptera | Lasiomma latipenne | Anthomyiidae |
Flower | Diptera | Lasiomma picipes | Anthomyiidae |
Predator | Diptera | Lasiopogon cinctus | Asilidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Leptocera fontinalis | Sphaeroceridae |
Predator | Diptera | Leptogaster cylindrica | Asilidae |
Flower | Diptera | Leptometopa latipes | Milichiidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Liriomyza ptarmicae | Agromyzidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Liriomyza strigata | Agromyzidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Loewia erecta | Tachinidae |
Flower | Diptera | Lucilia silvarum | Calliphoridae |
Flower | Diptera | Madiza glabra | Milichiidae |
Predator | Diptera | Medetera jacula | Dolichopodidae |
Flower | Diptera | Megaselia ciliata | Phoridae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Meiosimyza rorida | Lauxaniidae |
Flower | Diptera | Melanostoma mellinum | Syrphidae |
Flower | Diptera | Melinda gentilis | Calliphoridae |
Flower | Diptera | Melinda viridicyanea | Calliphoridae |
Flower | Diptera | Meoneura anceps | Carnidae |
Flower | Diptera | Meoneura flavofacies | Carnidae |
Flower | Diptera | Meoneura neottiophila | Carnidae |
Flower | Diptera | Meoneura freta | Carnidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Meroplius fukuharai | Sepsidae |
Flower | Diptera | Metopina galeata | Phoridae |
Flower | Diptera | Metopina oligoneura | Phoridae |
Flower | Diptera | Metopina pileata | Phoridae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Minettia longipennis | Lauxaniidae |
Flower | Diptera | Muscina levida | Muscidae |
Predator | Diptera | Neoitamus socius | Asilidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Nostima picta | Ephydridae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Opalimosina mirabilis | Sphaeroceridae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Ophiomyia curvipalpis | Agromyzidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Oscinella frit | Chloropidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Oscinella hortensis | Chloropidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Oscinella phlei | Chloropidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Oscinella pusilla | Chloropidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Oscinimorpha minutissima | Chloropidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Paykullia maculata | Rhinophoridae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Pegoplata annulipes | Anthomyiidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Phalacrotophora beuki | Phoridae |
Flower | Diptera | Phaonia angelicae | Muscidae |
Flower | Diptera | Phaonia incana | Muscidae |
Flower | Diptera | Phaonia meigeni | Muscidae |
Flower | Diptera | Phaonia serva | Muscidae |
Flower | Diptera | Phora atra | Phoridae |
Flower | Diptera | Phora convergens | Phoridae |
Flower | Diptera | Phora holosericea | Phoridae |
Flower | Diptera | Phora stictica | Phoridae |
Flower | Diptera | Phyllomyza equitans | Milichiidae |
Flower | Diptera | Phyllomyza securicornis | Milichiidae |
Flower | Diptera | Platycheirus albimanus | Syrphidae |
Flower | Diptera | Platycheirus peltatus | Syrphidae |
Predator | Diptera | Platypalpus calceatus | Hybotidae |
Predator | Diptera | Platypalpus longicornis | Hybotidae |
Predator | Diptera | Platypalpus longiseta | Hybotidae |
Predator | Diptera | Platypalpus pallidicornis | Hybotidae |
Flower | Diptera | Platystoma seminationis | Platystomatidae |
Flower | Diptera | Pollenia amentaria | Calliphoridae |
Flower | Diptera | Pollenia pediculata | Calliphoridae |
Flower | Diptera | Pollenia rudis | Calliphoridae |
Flower | Diptera | Pollenia vagabunda | Calliphoridae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Protophormia terraenovae | Calliphoridae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Pteremis fenestralis | Sphaeroceridae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Pullimosina pullula | Sphaeroceridae |
Predator | Diptera | Rhagio lineola | Rhagionidae |
Predator | Diptera | Rhamphomyia albipennis | Empididae |
Predator | Diptera | Rhamphomyia poplitea | Empididae |
Predator | Diptera | Rhamphomyia sciarina | Empididae |
Predator | Diptera | Rhamphomyia variabilis | Empididae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Sapromyza opaca | Lauxaniidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Sarcophaga carnaria | Sarcophagidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Sarcophaga depressifrons | Sarcophagidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Sarcophaga variegata | Sarcophagidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Scaptomyza flava | Drosophilidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Scaptomyza pallida | Drosophilidae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Scatella stagnalis | Ephydridae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Scatella tenuicosta | Ephydridae |
Herbivore | Diptera | Scatophila noctula | Ephydridae |
Predator | Diptera | Sciapus longulus | Dolichopodidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Sepsis fulgens | Sepsidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Sepsis violacea | Sepsidae |
Flower | Diptera | Sericomyia silentis | Syrphidae |
Flower | Diptera | Sicus ferrugineus | Conopidae |
Predator | Diptera | Siphonella oscinina | Chloropidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Siphunculina aenea | Chloropidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Spelobia luteilabris | Sphaeroceridae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Spelobia ochripes | Sphaeroceridae |
Flower | Diptera | Sphaerophoria scripta | Syrphidae |
Flower | Diptera | Syritta pipiens | Syrphidae |
Flower | Diptera | Syrphus torvus | Syrphidae |
Predator | Diptera | Tachydromia aemula | Hybotidae |
Predator | Diptera | Tachydromia umbranum | Hybotidae |
Flower | Diptera | Thaumatomyia glabra | Chloropidae |
Flower | Diptera | Thaumatomyia notata | Chloropidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Themira nigricornis | Sepsidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Themira putris | Sepsidae |
Flower | Diptera | Thricops cunctans | Muscidae |
Flower | Diptera | Thricops innocuus | Muscidae |
Flower | Diptera | Thricops semicinereus | Muscidae |
Predator | Diptera | Trichina clavipes | Hybotidae |
Predator | Diptera | Trichina elongata | Hybotidae |
Flower | Diptera | Tricholauxania praeusta | Lauxaniidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Tricimba cincta | Chloropidae |
Saprophage | Diptera | Tricimba lineella | Chloropidae |
Flower | Diptera | Volucella pellucens | Syrphidae |
Flower | Diptera | Xylota segnis | Syrphidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale | Acanthosomatidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Adelphocoris quadripunctatus | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Aelia acuminata | Pentatomidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Anthocoris nemorum | Anthocoridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Apolygus spinolae | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Atractotomus mali | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Carpocoris purpureipennis | Pentatomidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Capsus ater | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Chlamydatus pulicarius | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Closterotomus biclavatus | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Closterotomus fulvomaculatus | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Compsidolon salicellum | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Coreus marginatus | Coreidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Cymus aurescens | Lygaeidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Dolycoris baccarum | Pentatomidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Drymus sylvaticus | Lygaeidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Elasmostethus interstinctus | Cydnidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Elasmucha fieberi | Acanthosomatidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Holcostethus strictus vernalis | Pentatomidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Hoplomachus thunbergii | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Kleidocerys resedae | Lygaeidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Leptopterna dolabrata | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Liocoris tripustulatus | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Lygocoris rugicollis | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Lygus gemellatus | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Lygus pratensis | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Lygus rugulipennis | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Lygus wagneri | Miridae |
Predator | Heteroptera | Malacocoris chlorizans | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Megalocoleus tanaceti | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Megalonotus chiragra | Lygaeidae |
Predator | Heteroptera | Miris striatus | Miridae |
Predator | Heteroptera | Nabis brevis | Nabidae |
Predator | Heteroptera | Nabis ferus | Nabidae |
Predator | Heteroptera | Nabis flavomarginatus | Nabidae |
Predator | Heteroptera | Nabis limbatus | Nabidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Neolygus contaminatus | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Neolygus viridis | Miridae |
Predator | Heteroptera | Orius laticollis | Anthocoridae |
Predator | Heteroptera | Orius niger | Anthocoridae |
Predator | Heteroptera | Orius vicinus | Anthocoridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Orthops basalis | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Orthops campestris | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Palomena prasina | Pentatomidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Peribalus strictus | Pentatomidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Phoenicocoris modestus | Miridae |
Predator | Heteroptera | Phytocoris reuteri | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Piesma maculatum | Piesmatidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Plagiognathus arbustorum | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Plagiognathus chrysanthemi | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Plesiodema pinetellum | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Psallus aethiops | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Psallus betuleti | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Psallus haematodes | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Psallus perrisi | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Psallus variabilis | Miridae |
Predator | Heteroptera | Rhynocoris annulatus | Reduviidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Salicarus roseri | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Scolopostethus thomsoni | Lygaeidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Stenodema calcaratum | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Stenodema laevigatum | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Stenodema trispinosum | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Stenodema virens | Miridae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Tingis cardui | Tingidae |
Herbivore | Heteroptera | Trapezonotus arenarius | Lygaeidae |
Predator | Araneae | Clubiona frutetorum | Clubionidae |
Predator | Araneae | Clubiona germanica | Clubionidae |
Predator | Araneae | Clubiona lutescens | Clubionidae |
Predator | Araneae | Clubiona neglecta | Clubionidae |
Predator | Araneae | Clubiona phragmitis | Clubionidae |
Predator | Araneae | Clubiona reclusa | Clubionidae |
Predator | Araneae | Dictyna arundinacea | Dictynidae |
Predator | Araneae | Dictyna uncinata | Dictynidae |
Predator | Araneae | Enoplognatha ovata | Theridiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Entelecara congenera | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Entelecara erythropus | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Erigone atra | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Gongylidium rufipes | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Hahnia pusilla | Hahniidae |
Predator | Araneae | Larinoides patagiatus | Araneidae |
Predator | Araneae | Meioneta rurestris | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Micrommata virescens | Sparassidae |
Predator | Araneae | Misumena vatia | Thomisidae |
Predator | Araneae | Pardosa fulvipes | Lycosidae |
Predator | Araneae | Philodromus cespitum | Philodromidae |
Predator | Araneae | Pisaura mirabilis | Pisauridae |
Predator | Araneae | Platnickina tincta | Theridiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Savignya frontata | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Silometopus reussi | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Synageles venator | Salticidae |
Predator | Araneae | Tapinocyba pallens | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Tetragnatha dearmata | Tetragnathidae |
Predator | Araneae | Tetragnatha extensa | Tetragnathidae |
Predator | Araneae | Tetragnatha pinicola | Tetragnathidae |
Predator | Araneae | Theridion bimaculatum | Theridiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Theridion impressum | Theridiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Theridion varians | Theridiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Tibellus oblongus | Philodromidae |
Predator | Araneae | Xysticus audax | Thomisidae |
Predator | Araneae | Xysticus ulmi | Thomisidae |
Guild | group | species | family |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Acrotrichis atomaria | Ptiliidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Acrotrichis fascicularis | Ptiliidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Agonum fuliginosum | Carabidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Agriotes obscurus | Elateridae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Aleochara inconspicua | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Aloconota gregaria | Staphylinidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Amara aenea | Carabidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Amara communis | Carabidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Amara gebleri | Carabidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Amara lunicollis | Carabidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Amischa analis | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Amischa bifoveolata | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Amphicyllis globus | Leiodidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Anotylus insecatus | Staphylinidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Anthonomus humeralis | Curculionidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Anthonomus rubi | Curculionidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Apion ebeninum | Curculionidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Apion hookerorum | Curculionidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atheta dubiosa | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atheta euryptera | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atheta fungi | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atheta gagatina | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atheta laticollis | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atheta subterranea | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atomaria fuscata | Cryptophagidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atomaria nigrirostris | Cryptophagidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atomaria rubella | Cryptophagidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Atomaria testacea | Cryptophagidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Badister bullatus | Carabidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Badister lacertosus | Carabidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Barynotus obscurus | Curculionidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Barypeithes pellucidus | Curculionidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Bembidion guttula | Carabidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Bembidion lampros | Carabidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Bembidion mannerheimii | Carabidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Brachygluta fossulata | Staphylinidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Brachysomus echinatus | Curculionidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Calathus micropterus | Carabidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Carabus granulatus | Carabidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Carabus nemoralis | Carabidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Catops morio | Leiodidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Catops nigriclavis | Leiodidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Catops nigrita | Leiodidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Clambus armadillo | Clambydae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Corticarina fuscula | Lathridiidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Cortinicara gibbosa | Lathridiidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Cryptophagus setulosus | Cryptophagidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Dicheirotrichus placidus | Carabidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Drusilla canaliculata | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Enicmus transversus | Lathridiidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Gabrius osseticus | Nitidulidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Geostiba circellaris | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Gyrophaena bihamata | Staphylinidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Harpalus laevipes | Carabidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Harpalus rufipes | Carabidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Hemicrepidius niger | Elateridae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Hypnoidus riparius | Elateridae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Ilyobates bennetti | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Liogluta microptera | Staphylinidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Longitarsus nasturtii | Chrysomelidae |
Flower | Coleoptera | Malthodes pumilus | Cantharidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Megarthrus depressus | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Megasternum concinnum | Hydrophylidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Micrambe bimaculata | Cryptophagidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Mycetoporus longulus | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Olophrum assimile | Staphylinidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Ophonus rufibarbis | Carabidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Orthoperus brunnipes | Corylophidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Otiorhynchus raucus | Curculionidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Oxypoda brachyptera | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Oxypoda brevicornis | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Oxypselaphus obscurus | Carabidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Patrobus atrorufus | Carabidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Philonthus addendus | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Philonthus decorus | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Philonthus succicola | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Phosphaenus hemipterus | Lampyridae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Phosphuga atrata | Silphidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Phyllobius oblongus | Curculionidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Phyllotreta undulata | Chrysomelidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Phyllotreta vittula | Chrysomelidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Poecilus versicolor | Carabidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Proteinus laevigatus | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Ptenidium nitidum | Ptiliidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Pterostichus melanarius | Carabidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Pterostichus niger | Carabidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Pterostichus strenuus | Carabidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Ptomaphagus sericatus | Leiodidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Ptomaphagus subvillosus | Leiodidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Quedius molochinus | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Rugilus rufipes | Staphylinidae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Sciaphilus asperatus | Curculionidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Sepedophilus marshami | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Silpha carinata | Silphidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Staphylinus caesareus | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Stenichnus collaris | Scydmaenidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Stenus clavicornis | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Stephostethus lardarius | Lathridiidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Synuchus vivalis | Carabidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Tachinus corticinus | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Tachinus laticollis | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Tachinus signatus | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Tachyporus chrysomelinus | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Tachyporus dispar | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Trechus secalis | Carabidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Trimium brevicorne | Staphylinidae |
Saprophage | Coleoptera | Trixagus dermestoides | Elateridae |
Herbivore | Coleoptera | Tychius picirostris | Curculionidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Xantholinus tricolor | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Zyras limbatus | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Coleoptera | Zyras lugens | Staphylinidae |
Predator | Araneae | Agyneta conigera | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Agyneta subtilis | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Allomengea scopigera | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Alopecosa pulverulenta | Licosidae |
Predator | Araneae | Antistea elegans | Hahniidae |
Predator | Araneae | Argenna patula | Dictynidae |
Predator | Araneae | Bathyphantes gracilis | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Bathyphantes nigrinus | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Bathyphantes parvulus | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Ceratinella brevis | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Clubiona lutescens | Clubionidae |
Predator | Araneae | Cnephalocotes obscurus | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Crustulina guttatta | Theridiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Dicymbium nigrum | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Diplocephalus latifrons | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Diplocephalus picinus | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Diplostyla concolor | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Drassyllus pusillus | Gnaphosidae |
Predator | Araneae | Enoplognatha ovata | Theridiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Episinus angulatus | Theridiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Erigone atra | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Erigone dentipalpis | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Erigonella hiemalis | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Ero sp. | Mimetidae |
Predator | Araneae | Euophrys frontalis | Salticidae |
Predator | Araneae | Euryopis flavomaculata | Theridiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Gongylidium rufipes | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Hahnia nava | Hahniidae |
Predator | Araneae | Hahnia pusilla | Hahniidae |
Predator | Araneae | Haplodrassus signifer | Gnaphosidae |
Predator | Araneae | Haplodrassus umbratilis | Gnaphosidae |
Predator | Araneae | Improphantes decolor | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Meioneta affinis | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Meioneta rurestris | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Micaria nivosa | Gnaphosidae |
Predator | Araneae | Micaria pulicaria | Gnaphosidae |
Predator | Araneae | Micrargus herbigradus | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Micrargus subaequalis | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Microlinyphia pusilla | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Microneta viaria | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Minyriolus pusillus | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Neon reticulatus | Salticidae |
Predator | Araneae | Oedothorax apicatus | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Oedothorax gibbosus | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Oxyptila praticola | Thomisidae |
Predator | Araneae | Oxyptila trux | Thomisidae |
Predator | Araneae | Pachygnatha degeeri | Tetragnathidae |
Predator | Araneae | Pachygnatha listeri | Tetragnathidae |
Predator | Araneae | Pardosa amentata | Lycosidae |
Predator | Araneae | Pardosa fulvipes | Lycosidae |
Predator | Araneae | Pardosa lugubris | Lycosidae |
Predator | Araneae | Pardosa paludicola | Lycosidae |
Predator | Araneae | Pardosa palustris | Lycosidae |
Predator | Araneae | Pardosa prativaga | Lycosidae |
Predator | Araneae | Pardosa riparia | Lycosidae |
Predator | Araneae | Phrurolithus festivus | Liocranidae |
Predator | Araneae | Pirata hygrophilus | Lycosidae |
Predator | Araneae | Pocadicnemis pumilla | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Porrhomma microphthalmum | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Robertus lividus | Theridiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Savignya frontata | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Stemonyphantes lineatus | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Tapinocyba pallens | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Tenuiphantes angulatus | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Tenuiphantes mengei | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Tenuiphantes tenebricola | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Trochosa ruricola | Lycosidae |
Predator | Araneae | Troxochrota scabra | Philodromidae |
Predator | Araneae | Walckenaeria antica | Lycosidae |
Predator | Araneae | Walckenaeria atrotibialis | Linyphiidae |
Predator | Araneae | Xerolycosa nemoralis | Lycosidae |
Predator | Araneae | Xysticus cristatus | Thomisidae |
Predator | Araneae | Xysticus luctuosus | Thomisidae |
Predator | Araneae | Zelotes latreillei | Gnaphosidae |
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Lanta, V., Lilley, T.M., Rinne, V. et al. Not invasive status but plant overstory matters: open shrub canopies support greater plant and arthropod diversity and more complex food web structures compared to shady tree canopies. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 17, 863–889 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-023-09993-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-023-09993-6