Abstract
Urban metabolism is a complex system of materials, energy, population and environment, which usually can be measured by the Emergy Synthesis (ES) and the Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) approach. In this paper, by employing the two approaches of ES and SBM, as well as metabolic evolution index, urban metabolic stocks, efficiencies and elasticity of 31 Chinese cities are evaluated in a systematic way. The results imply that over the last decade (2000–2010), most of the cities, such as Chongqing, Nanjing, Shijiazhuang, Hangzhou, were experiencing drastic urban metabolic efficiency decline accompanied with a moderate decrease of industrial outputs. By contrast, metropolises and specialized cities have improved their urban metabolic performances, with higher output-input ratio and fewer undesirable outputs. However, their exported emergy experienced a substantial increase as well. It is concluded that local urban management might develop policies to diversify urban renewable supplies and address the undesirable output problems. The urban emergy of renewable resources should be specified as a prime focus for future research. In addition, mechanisms of different urban metabolic models will also be necessary for researchers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ascione M, Campanella L, Cherubinic F et al., 2009. Environmental driving forces of urban growth and development, an emergy-based assessment of the city of Rome, Italy. Landscape and Urban Planning, 93(3/4): 238–249. doi: 10.1016/j. landurbplan.2009.07.011
Avkiran N K, Tone K, Tsutsui M, 2008. Bridging radial and non-radial measures of efficiency in DEA. Annals of Operations Research, 164(1): 127–138. doi: 10.1007/s10479-008-0356-8
Bristow D N, Kennedy C A, 2013. Urban metabolism and the energy stored in cities. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 17(5): 656–667. doi: 10.1111/jiec.12038.
Boyd G A, Tolley G, Pang J, 2002. Plant level productivity, efficiency, and environmental performance of the container glass industry. Environmental and Resource Economics, 23(1): 29–43. doi: 10.1023/A:1020236517937
Broto V, Allen A, Rapoport E, 2012. Interdisciplinary perspectives on urban metabolism. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 16(6): 851–61. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00556
Brown M T, Ulgiati S, 2002. Emergy evaluations and environmental loading of electricity production systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 10(4): 321–334. doi: 10.1016/S0959-6526(01)00043-9
Charnes A, Cooper W W, Rhodes E, 1978. Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6): 429–444. doi: 10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8
Choi Y, Zhang N, Zhou P, 2012. Efficiency and abatement costs of energy-related CO2 emissions in China: a slacks-based efficiency measure. Applied Energy, 98: 198–208. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.03.024
Cooper W W, Seiford L M, Tone K, 2000. Data Envelopment Analysis: A Comprehensive Text with Models, Applications, References and DEA-Solver Software. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Decker E H, Elliott S, Smith F A et al., 2000. Energy and material flow through the urban ecosystem. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 25: 685–740. doi: 10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.685
Fare R, Grosskopf S, Tyteca D, 1996. An activity analysis model of the environmental performance of firms-application to fossil-fuel-fired electric utilities. Ecological Economics, 18(2): 161–175. doi: 10.1016/0921-8009(96)00019-5
Fare R, Grosskopf S, Noh D W et al., 2005. Characteristics of polluting technology: theory and practice. Journal of Economics, 126(2): 469–492. doi: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2004.05.010
Forkes J, 2007. Nitrogen balance for the urban food metabolism of Toronto. Canada Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52(1): 74–94. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.02.003
Hanya T, Ambe Y, 1976. A Study on the Metabolism of Cities. Tokyo: HESC, Science Council of Japan.
Hendriks C D, Müller S, Kytzia P et al., 2000. Material flow analysis: a tool to support environmental policy decision making. Case studies on the city of Vienna and the Swiss lowlands. Local Environment, 5(3): 311–328. doi: 10.1080/135498300 50134257
Hu J L, Kao C H, 2007. Efficient energy-saving targets for APEC economies. Energy Policy, 35(1): 373–382. doi: 10.1016/j. enpol.2005.11.032
Huang S L, 1998. Urban ecosystems, energetic hierarchies and ecological economics of Taipei metropolis. Journal of Environmental Management, 52(1): 39–51. doi: 10.1006/jema.1997.0157
Huang S L, Hsu W L, 2003. Materials flow analysis and emergy evaluation of Taipei′s urban construction. Landscape and Urban Planning, 63(2): 61–75. doi: 10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00152-4
Huang S L, Chen C W, 2005. Theory of urban energetics and mechanisms of urban development. Ecological Modelling, 189 (1–2): 49–71. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.004
Ingwersen W W, 2011. Emergy as a life cycle impact assessment indicator-a gold mining case study. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 15(4): 550–567. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00333.x
Keller P A, 1992. Perspectives on Interfacing Paper Mill Wastewaters and Wetlands. Gainesville: University of Florida.
Kennedy C, Cuddihy J, Yan J E, 2007. The changing metabolism of cities. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(2): 43–59. doi: 10.1162/jie.2007.1107
Kennedy C, Pincetl S, Bunje P, 2011. The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design. Environmental Pollution, 159(8–9): 1965–1973. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.022.
Li L B, Hu J L, 2012. Ecological total-factor energy efficiency of regions in China. Energy Policy, 46: 216–224. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.053
National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2001–2011. China Statistical Yearbook 2001–2011. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2001–2011. China Urban Statistical Yearbook 2001–2011. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2001–2011. China Environmental Statistical Yearbook 2001–2011. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
Newcombe K, Kalina J D, Aston A R, 1978. The metabolism of a city: the case of Hong Kong. A Journal of the Human Environment, 7(1): 3–5.
Newman P W G, Birrel R, Holmes D, 1996. Human Settlements in State of the Environment Australia. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing.
Odum H T, 1971. Environment, Power, and Society. New York: Wiley.
Odum H T, 1983. System Ecology: An Introduction. New York: Wiley.
Odum H T, 1996. Environmental Accounting: Emergy and Environmental Decision Making. New York: Wiley.
Odum H T, Brown M T, Brandt-Williams S, 2000. Introduction and Global Budget. In: Handbook of emergy evaluation. Center for Environmental Policy, Environmental Engineering Sciences, Gainesville: University of Florida.
Ramanathan R, 2002. Combining indicators of energy consumption and CO2 emissions: a cross-country comparison. International Journal of Global Energy, 17(3): 214–227. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJGEI.2002.000941
Rogers P P, Jalal K F, Lohani B N et al., 1997. Measuring Environmental Quality in Asia. Philippines: Asian Development Bank.
Seiford L M, Zhu J, 2005. A response to comments on modeling undesirable factors in efficiency evaluation. European Journal of Operational Research, 161: 579–581. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor. 2003.09.018
Song Tao, Cai Jianming, Xu Hui et al., 2015. Urban metabolism based on emergy and slack based model: a case study of Beijing, China. Chinese Geographical Science, 25(1): 113–123. doi: 10.1007/s11769-014-0680-7
Stratton R W, Wong H M, Hileman J I, 2011. Quantifying variability in life cycle greenhouse gas inventories for alternative middle distillate transportation fuels. Environmental Science & Technology, 45 (10): 4637–4644. doi: 10.1021/es102597f
Sueyoshi T, Goto M, 2012. Environmental assessment by DEA radial measurement: U.S. coal-fired powerplants in ISO (Independent System Operator) and RTO (Regional Transmission Organization). Energy Economics, 34(3): 663–676. doi: 10.y1016/j.eneco.2011.08.016
Tone K, 2001. A slacks-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis. European Journal of Operational Research, 130(3): 498–509. doi: 10.1016/S0377-2217(99)00407-5
Tone K, 2004. Dealing with Undesirable Outputsin DEA: A Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) Approach. Presentation at NAPWIII, Toronto.
Tyteca D, 1996. On the measurement of the environmental performance of firms: a literature review and a productive efficiency perspective. Journal of Environmental Management, 46(3): 281–308. doi: 10.1006/jema.1996.0022
Ulgiati S, Brown M T, 2009. Emergy and ecosystem complexity. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 14(1): 310–321. doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2007.05.028
Wolman A, 1965. The metabolism of the city. Scientific American, 213(3): 179–190.
Wei C, Ni J, Du L, 2012. Regional allocation of carbon dioxide abatement in China. China Economic Review, 23(3): 552–565. doi: 10.1016/j.chieco.2011.06.002
Zaim O, 2004. Measuring environmental performance of state manufacturing through changes in pollution intensities: a DEA framework. Ecological Economics, 48(1): 37–47. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2003.08.003
Zhang Y, Yang Z F, Li W, 2006. Analyses of urban ecosystem based on information entropy. Ecological Modelling, 197 (1–2): 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.02.032
Zhang Y, Zhao Y W, Yang Z F et al., 2009a. Measurement and evaluation of the metabolic capacity of an urban ecosystem. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 14(4): 1758–1765. doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2008.03.017
Zhang Y, Yang Z F, Yu X, 2009b. Evaluation of urban metabolism based on emergy synthesis: a case study for Beijing (China). Ecological Modelling, 220(13/14): 1690–1696. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.04.002
Zhang Y, Yang Z F, Fath B D, 2010a. Ecological network analysis of an urban water metabolic system: model development and a case study for Beijing. Science of the Total Environment, 408(20): 4702–4711. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.019
Zhang Y, Yang Z, Fath B D et al., 2010b. Ecological network analysis of an urban energy metabolic system: model development, and a case study of four Chinese cities. Ecological Modelling, 221(25): 1865–1879. doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2011.11. 001
Zhou P, Ang B W, Poh K L, 2006. Slacks-based efficiency measures for modeling environmental performance. Ecological Economics, 60(1): 111–118. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.12.001
Zhou P, Ang B W, Poh K L, 2008. A survey of data envelopment analysis in energy and environmental studies. European Journal of Operational Research, 189(1): 1–18. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2007.04.042
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Foundation item: Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41530634, 41530751), Key Consulting Project of the Chinese Academy of Science and Technology Strategic Consulting (No.Y02015001), Open Project Funding of Beijing Modern Industrial New Area Development Research Base in 2015 (No. JD2015002), Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 2014042)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Song, T., Cai, J., Yang, Z. et al. Urban metabolic efficiencies and elasticities of Chinese cities. Chin. Geogr. Sci. 26, 715–730 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-016-0830-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-016-0830-1