Abstract
Cladosporium sp. causes berry rot in grape. It is present in the vineyard throughout the berry developmental stage in dormant state. Since there is no recommended fungicide against Cladosporium, there is a significant concern about already available fungicides against different grape pathogens, the most effective time for application of these fungicides and their role in suppressing the growth of Cladosporium. The present study is the first report of a fungitoxicity study of C. cladosporioides with all the labelled fungicide for grape pathogen. The molecular sequencing study confirmed the identity of the fungus used in the study as C. cladosporioides. Fungitoxicity results showed that 65% of the fungicides recommended for grape farming, ranged from very toxic to toxic and 35% of the fungicides were moderately toxic to compatible category against C. cladosporioides. Fungicides used in the later stage of flowering and just before fruiting are Cyflufenamid 5% EW and Metrafenone 50% SC. Sulphur 80 WP (L), Cyflufenamid 5% EW and Metrafenone 50% SC did not affect C. cladosporioides activated at this stage. The data obtained on fungitoxicity will assess the effectiveness of pesticide management program and to develop a new strategy for control of C. cladosporioides in vineyard and prevent its onset at a later stage.
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Abbreviations
- WP:
-
Wettable powder
- SC:
-
Suspension concentrate
- EC:
-
Emulsifiable concentrate
- WG/WDG:
-
Water dispersible granules
- DF:
-
Dry flowable
- FRAC:
-
Fungicide Resistance Action Committee
- MoA:
-
Mode of action
- PDA:
-
Potato dextrose agar
- VG:
-
Vegetative growth
- SP:
-
Sporulation
- DMI:
-
DeMethylation Inhibitors
- COC:
-
Copper oxychloride
- SDHI:
-
Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor
- QOI:
-
Quinone outside inhibitor fungicides
- CAA:
-
Carboxylic Acid Amide
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Director, ICAR- National Research Centre for Grapes, the Director and Head of school, MIT School of Bioengineering Sciences and Research for their valuable suggestions and support during the study.
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S.S conceptualized the study. Y.R performed the experiments. Y.R prepared the manuscript. S.S, Y.R, P.P and M.C actively participated in discussion and revision of manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript.
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ESM 1
Fig. S1 Cladosporium infected grape bunch. Fig. S2 Sensitivity of C. cladosporioides against the fungicides used for control of downy mildew in grapes. 1a&1b- Mancozeb 75 WP (L&H); 2- Propineb 70 WP; 3- COC 50 WP; 4- Copper hydroxide 53.8 DF; 5a&5b- Fosetyl Al 80 WP (L&H); 6- Metalaxyl + Mancozeb 8 + 64 WP; 7- Metalaxyl F+ Mancozeb 4 + 64 WP; 8- Cymoxanil + Mancozeb 8 + 64; 9a&9b- Ametoctradin 27 + Dimethomorph 20.27 SC; 10a&10b- Dimethomorph 50 WP (L&H); 11a&11b- Fenamidone + Mancozeb; 12- Azoxystrobin 23 SC; 13- Iprovalicarb + Propineb 5.5 + 61.25 WP; 14- Famoxadone 16.6% + Cymoxanil 22.1% SC; 15a&15b- Kresoxim methyl 44.3 SC (L&H), 16a&16b- Pyraclostrobin 5% + Metiram 55% 60 WG (L&H); 17a&17b- Fluopicolide 4.44% + Fosetyl-Al 66.67% (L&H); 18- Mandipropamid 23.4% SC; 19- Azoxystrobin 8.3% + Mancozeb 66.7% WG; 20- Copper Sulphate 47.15% + Mancozeb 30% WDG; 21- Dimethomorph 12% + Pyraclostrobin 6.7% WG; 22- Azoxystrobin 11% + Tebuconazole 18.3% w/w; 23- Cyazofamid 34.5% SC; 24- Benalaxyl-M 4% + Mancozeb 65% WP; 25a&25b- Fenamidone 4.44% + fosetyl-Al 66.66% WDG; 26- Metiram 44% + Dimethomorph 9% WG; 27- Kresoxim methyl 18% + Mancozeb 54% WP; 28- Amisulbrom 17.7% SC w/w; 29- Captan 50% WP. Fig. S3 Sensitivity of C. cladosporioides against the fungicides used for control of powdery mildew and anthracnose in grapes. 1-Azoxystrobin 23 SC; 2- Carbendazim 50 WP; 3- Kasugamycin 5% + Copper Oxychloride 45% WP; 4- Azoxystrobin 11% + Tebuconazole 18.3% w/w; 5- Hexaconazole 5 EC; 6- Myclobutanil 10 WP; 7- Flusilazole 40 EC; 8- Difenoconazole 25EC; 9–12- Sulfur 55.16 SC; Sulfur 80 WDG (L&H); Sulfur 80WP; 13- Tetraconazole 3.8 EW; 14- Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG; 15- Fluopyram 200 + Tebuconazole 200SC; 16- Metrafenone 50% SC; 17- Fluxapyroxad 25% + Pyraclostrobin 25% SC; 18- Boscalid 25.2% + Pyraclostrobin 12.8% w/w WG; 19- Thiophanate methyl 70 WP; 20,21- Meptyldinocap 35.7% EC (L&H); 22- Fluxapyroxad 75 g/L + Difenoconazole 50 g/L SC; 23- Cyflufenamid 5% EW (DOCX 4567 kb)
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Ranade, Y.H., Pathak, P.D., Chandrashekar, M. et al. Fungitoxicity profile of Cladosporium cladosporioides C1, as a leveraging tool for postharvest management of grapes. Biologia 77, 1173–1179 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-022-01008-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-022-01008-8