Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Antioxidant properties and electrochemical activity of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in mulberries

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study analyzed the anthocyanin content and antioxidant properties of five mulberry (Morus spp.) varieties, including black (M. nigra), red (M. rubra) and white (M. alba) types. Anthocyanins were extracted and analyzed using HPLC–MS, which revealed four major pigments: cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside and pelargonidin-3-glucoside. Total anthocyanins were significantly higher in black mulberries Bom irangi (185 mg/100 g) and Kalmi (158 mg/100 g) compared to 28–60 mg/100 g in other varieties, consistent with their dark fruit color. Electrochemical analysis by cyclic voltammetry showed oxidation peak potentials (Epa) of key anthocyanins: + 368 mV for cyanidin; + 830 mV for cyanidin-3-glucoside; and + 912 mV for pelargonidin-3-glucoside. Lower Epa indicates easier oxidation and greater antioxidant activity. DPPH radical scavenging assays revealed strongest potency for Bom irangi (EC50 42 μg/mL) and Kalmi (EC50 58 μg/mL), again due to high anthocyanin levels. Further, a negative correlation (R2 = 0.923) was demonstrated between Epa values and EC50, proving excellent predictive ability of electrochemical data for estimating antioxidant capacity. Cyanidin with lowest Epa (+ 368 mV) and highest hydroxylation exhibited strongest activity (EC50 35 μg/mL). Overall, the study successfully demonstrated the antioxidant potential of mulberry anthocyanins, especially from black varieties, using advanced analytical strategies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  1. P. Ockermann, L. Headley, R. Lizio, J. Hansmann, Nutrients 13, 2831 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Y. Li, Q. Chen, X. Xie, Y. Cai, J. Li, Y. Feng, Y. Zhang, J. Agric. Food Chem. 68, 9260 (2020)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. X. Li, L. Cao, B. Jiao, H. Yang, C. Ma, Y. Liang, Horticulture Research 9, uhac128 (2022)

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. J. Festa, A. Hussain, Z. Al-Hareth, H. Singh, M. Da Boit, Foods 12, 1796 (2023)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. J. Fang, J. Huang, Xenobiotica 50, 454 (2020)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. D. Maaliki, A.A. Shaito, G. Pintus, A. El-Yazbi, A.H. Eid, Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 45, 57 (2019)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. C. Garcia, C.N. Blesso, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 172, 152 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. X. Li, F. Zhu, Z. Zeng, Open Chem. 19, 138 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. A. Dudek, M. Spiegel, P. Strugała-Danak, J. Gabrielska, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 5432 (2022)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. T.J. Ha, J.E. Park, K.-S. Lee, W.D. Seo, S.-B. Song, M.-H. Lee, S. Kim, J.-I. Kim, E. Oh, S.-B. Pae, D.-Y. Kwak, J.H. Lee, Food Chem. 346, 128882 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Y. Sun, J. Chi, X. Ye, S. Wang, J. Liang, P. Yue, H. Xiao, X. Gao, LWT 139, 110554 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. T. Ding, K. Cao, W. Fang, G. Zhu, C. Chen, X. Wang, L. Wang, Sci. Hortic. 268, 109365 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. A. Sinopoli, G. Calogero, A. Bartolotta, Food Chem. 297, 124898 (2019)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. K. Młynarczyk, D. Walkowiak-Tomczak, H. Staniek, M. Kidoń, G.P. Łysiak, Molecules 25, 876 (2020)

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. P. Palungwachira, S. Tancharoen, C. Phruksaniyom, S. Klungsaeng, R. Srichan, K. Kikuchi, T. Nararatwanchai, Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2019, e2089817 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Y. Zheng, H. Karimi-Maleh, L. Fu, Sensors 22, 3238 (2022)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. L. Fu, A. Yu, G. Lai, Chemosensors 9, 282 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Y. Zheng, M. Wu, Y. Xu, X. Peng, M. Zhang, Q. Wang, J. Du, H. Zhang, L. Fu, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 14, 3663 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. A. Hosseinian-Roudsari, S.-A. Shahidi, A. Ghorbani-HasanSaraei, S. Hosseini, F. Fazeli, Food Chem. Toxicol. 168, 113362 (2022)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. E. Vatandost, A.G.-H. Saraei, F. Chekin, S.N. Raeisi, S.-A. Shahidi, ChemistrySelect 5, 10401 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. B. Davarnia, S.-A. Shahidi, H. Karimi-Maleh, A. Ghorbani-HasanSaraei, F. Karimi, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 15, 2549 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. F. Behrouzifar, S.-A. Shahidi, F. Chekin, S. Hosseini, A. Ghorbani-HasanSaraei, Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 257, 119761 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Y. Zou, H. Gu, J. Yang, T. Zeng, J. Yang, Y. Zhang, Carbon Lett. 33, 2075 (2023)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. K. Yi, S. Xu, H. Cheng, S. Chen, S. Jiang, J. Tu, Alex. Eng. J. 84, 93 (2023)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. X. Wang, S. Shi, F. Zhang, S. Li, J. Tan, B. Su, Q. Cheng, Y. Gou, Y. Zhang, Alex. Eng. J. 85, 294 (2023)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. I.G. Munteanu, C. Apetrei, Antioxidants 11, 584 (2022)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. F. Mehri-Talarposhti, A. Ghorbani-Hasan Saraei, L. Golestan, S.-A. Shahidi, Asian J. Nanosci. Mater. 3, 313 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  28. E. Vatandost, A. Ghorbani-Hasan Saraei, F. Chekin, S.N. Raeisi, S.-A. Shahidi, Russ. J. Electrochem. 57, 490 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. J. Han, Carbon Lett. 33, 1959 (2023)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. S. Zhao, J. Guo, Alex. Eng. J. 66, 701 (2023)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. I. Kim, J. Lee, Antioxidants 9, 242 (2020)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. S. Suriyaprom, T. Kaewkod, I. Promputtha, M. Desvaux, Y. Tragoolpua, Plants 10, 2736 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Z. Li, Y. Liu, J. Xiang, C. Wang, J.B. Johnson, T. Beta, LWT 173, 114308 (2023)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Y. Wen, J. Liu, L. Jiang, Z. Zhu, S. He, S. He, W. Shao, Food Packag. Shelf Life 29, 100709 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. E. Vatandost, A. Ghorbani-Hasan Saraei, F. Chekin, S. Naghizadeh Raeisi, S.-A. Shahidi, Food Chem.: X 6, 100085 (2020)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. B. Jiang, M. Wu, S. Wu, M. Ji, Alex. Eng. J. 71, 73 (2023)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. P.-N. Chen, S.-C. Chu, H.-L. Chiou, W.-H. Kuo, C.-L. Chiang, Y.-S. Hsieh, Cancer Lett. 235, 248 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. F. Li, B. Zhang, G. Chen, X. Fu, Food Res. Int. 100, 873 (2017)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. C. Qin, Y. Li, W. Niu, Y. Ding, R. Zhang, X. Shang, Czech J. Food Sci. 28(2010), 117 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. S.H. Seyedi, S.A. Shahidi, F. Chekin, A. Ghorbani-HasanSaraei, M.B. Limooei, Russ. Chem. Bull. 72, 2060 (2023)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. M. Tabrizi, S.-A. Shahidi, F. Chekin, A. Ghorbani-HasanSaraei, S.N. Raeisi, Top. Catal. 65, 726 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. R. Veberic, A. Slatnar, J. Bizjak, F. Stampar, M. Mikulic-Petkovsek, LWT Food Sci. Technol. 60, 509 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. X. Luo, R. Wang, J. Wang, Y. Li, H. Luo, S. Chen, X. Zeng, Z. Han, Foods 11, 2166 (2022)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Y. Guo, H. Zhang, S. Shao, S. Sun, D. Yang, S. Lv, Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 57, 7573 (2022)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. A.A. de Lima, E.M. Sussuchi, W.F. De Giovani, Croat. Chem. Acta 80, 29 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  46. S.N. Salimbahrami, A. Ghorbani-Hasan Saraei, H. Tahermansouri, S.-A. Shahidi, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 253, 126724 (2023)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. J. Sun, W. Bai, Y. Zhang, X. Liao, X. Hu, Food Chem. 128, 742 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. V.V. De Rosso, F.E. Morán Vieyra, A.Z. Mercadante, C.D. Borsarelli, Free Radic. Res. 42, 885 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. F. Qi, Z. Zeng, Q. Wen, Z. Huang, J. Hazard. Mater. 416, 125810 (2021)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. D. Neves, P. Valentão, J. Bernardo, M.C. Oliveira, J.M.G. Ferreira, D.M. Pereira, P.B. Andrade, R.A. Videira, J. Funct. Foods 56, 145 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. A. Speciale, A. Saija, R. Bashllari, M.S. Molonia, C. Muscarà, C. Occhiuto, F. Cimino, M. Cristani, Curr. Med. Chem. 27, 1955 (2020)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. P. Janeiro, A.M.O. Brett, Electroanal. Int. J. Devot. Fundam. Pract. Asp. Electroanal. 19, 1779 (2007)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Y. Cetinkaya, H. Göçer, A. Menzek, İ Gülçin, Arch. Pharm. 345, 323 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. M.N. Namchuk, J.D. McCarter, A. Becalski, T. Andrews, S.G. Withers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 1270 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. A. Căta, M.N. Ştefănuţ, R. Pop, C. Tănasie, C. Moşoarcă, A.D. Zamfir, Croat. Chem. Acta 89, 37 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. M.A. Haque, K. Morozova, G. Ferrentino, M. Scampicchio, Electroanalysis 33, 1419 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. A.T. Lithoxoidou, E.G. Bakalbassis, J. Phys. Chem. A 109, 366 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. B. Lochab, S. Shukla, I.K. Varma, RSC Adv. 4, 21712 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. M. Plaza, T. Pozzo, J. Liu, K.Z. Gulshan Ara, C. Turner, E. Nordberg Karlsson, J. Agric. Food Chem. 62, 3321 (2014)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. N.P. Seeram, M.G. Nair, J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 5308 (2002)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. İ Gülçin, D. Berashvili, A. Gepdiremen, J. Ethnopharmacol. 101, 287 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Innovation Team of Hebi Polytechnic (2023ZK05).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Food Engineering, Hebi Polytechnic, 5 Zhaoge Road, Hebi, 458030, Henan, People’s Republic of China

    Shanshan Liu & Yu Zhang

Authors
  1. Shanshan Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yu Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yu Zhang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors state that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Liu, S., Zhang, Y. Antioxidant properties and electrochemical activity of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in mulberries. Food Measure 18, 3569–3576 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-024-02426-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-024-02426-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation