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Phylogenetic signal, function and integration in the subunits of the carnivoran mandible

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Abstract

Complex phenotypes could be interpreted as the result of functional integration between identifiable subunits. Common developmental or ecological factors may favour macroevolutionary morphological integration so that functional subunits also covary above the species level. We investigate shape variation and functional integration in two subunits of the mammalian mandible: the corpus and the ramus in a subset of extant terrestrial Carnivora using geometric morphometric and comparative methods. More specifically, we test if corpus and ramus shape exhibit similar degree of homoplasy and if these traits covary above species level. Additionally, broad functional categorisations (predaceous and non predaceous) are investigated to test if differences in morphological variation and integration at macroevolutionary scale occur. Principal components of shape data show a significant phylogenetic signal in both mandibular subunits, with the ramus exhibiting a higher degree of homoplasy than the corpus. Functional groups (predators and non-predators) are significantly distinct in corpus shape, while in the ramus significance emerges only after removing the phylogenetic signal. Partial Least Square shows that mandibular corpus and ramus region covaries above species level even if this trend is not supported when employing comparative methods. Only in a subset of predaceous species covariation still hold. We conclude that mandibular subunits of Carnivora differ considerably in shape among predaceous and non-predaceous species because of the adaptive selection pressure imposed by catching and hold of live prey. This selective process also favoured macroevolutionary integration in predaceous carnivorans.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the staff of British Museum of Natural history and of the Royal Museum of Scotland. In particular, we would like to thank: P. Jenkins, L. Tomsett, R. Portela-Miguez, D. Hills, A. Salvador, A. Kitchner and J. Herman for their support and care. P. Piras and F. Lucci kindly shared their mandible database of felids. B. Hallgrimsson and two anonymous reviewers provided significant insights to improve the quality of this manuscript.

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  1. Centre for Anatomical & Human Sciences, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK

    Carlo Meloro & Samuel N. Cobb

  2. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, L.go San Marcellino 10, 80138, Naples, Italy

    Pasquale Raia & Francesco Carotenuto

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  1. Carlo Meloro
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Correspondence to Carlo Meloro.

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Meloro, C., Raia, P., Carotenuto, F. et al. Phylogenetic signal, function and integration in the subunits of the carnivoran mandible. Evol Biol 38, 465–475 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-011-9135-6

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