Abstract
Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles were prepared and then incorporated in carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymers using a simple casting method to prepare multifunctional nanocomposite films. The properties of CMC/maghemite nanocomposites were ascertained through several analytical techniques. The intervention of maghemite nanofillers resulted in the adaptability of the structural, optical, and thermal properties of the nanocomposites. Comprehensive investigations of the band structure were achieved through theoretical models, such as Tauc’s model and the Wemple–DiDomenico model. Increasing the content of the maghemite nanoparticles can decrease the absorption edge and both the direct and indirect energy gaps, as well as increase the band tails of the CMC polymer. Simple formulae for the index of refraction and the real part of the dielectric constant were obtained for materials whose extinction coefficient is sufficiently small. Maghemite nanofiller was found to effectively increase the index of refraction and improve the dispersion. The possibility of investigating the energy band structure with the imaginary part of the dielectric constant was also shown.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G. Chen, Y. Li, M. Bick, and J. Chen, Chem. Rev. 120, 3668–3720 (2020).
L. Jin, X. Xiao, W. Deng, A. Nashalian, D. He, V. Raveendran, C. Yan, H. Su, X. Chu, T. Yang, W. Li, W. Yang, and J. Chen, Nano Lett. 20, 6404–6411 (2020).
S. Pu, Y. Liao, K. Chen, J. Fu, S. Zhang, L. Ge, G. Conta, S. Bouzarif, T. Cheng, X. Hu, K. Liu, and J. Chen, Nano Lett. 20, 3791–3797 (2020).
C. Yan, Y. Gao, S. Zhao, S. Zhang, Y. Zhou, W. Deng, Z. Li, G. Jiang, L. Jin, G. Tian, T. Yang, X. Chu, D. Xiong, Z. Wang, Y. Li, W. Yang, and J. Chen, Nano Energy 67, 104235 (2020).
W. Hou, Y. Xiao, G. Han, and J.-Y. Lin, Polymers 11, 143 (2019).
J. Xu, Y. Zou, A. Nashalian, and J. Chen, Front. Chem. 8, 959 (2020).
Y. Zou, J. Xu, Y. Fang, X. Zhao, Y. Zhou, and J. Chen, Nano Energy 83, 105845 (2021).
V.A. Nguyen, and C. Kuss, J. Electrochem. Soc. 167, 065501 (2020).
W. Liu, J. Chen, Z. Chen, K. Liu, G. Zhou, Y. Sun, M.-S. Song, Z. Bao, and Y. Cui, Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1701076 (2017).
J. Wan, J. Xie, X. Kong, Z. Liu, K. Liu, F. Shi, A. Pei, H. Chen, W. Chen, J. Chen, X. Zhang, L. Zong, J. Wang, L.-Q. Chen, J. Qin, and Y. Cui, Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 705–711 (2019).
S.-M. Xu, X. Liang, X.-Y. Wu, S.-L. Zhao, J. Chen, K.-X. Wang, and J.-S. Chen, Nat. Commun. 10, 5810 (2019).
H. Yin, K.S. Hui, X. Zhao, S. Mei, X. Lv, K.N. Hui, and J. Chen, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 3, 6897–6906 (2020).
S.I. Ahmed, Z.K. Heiba, N.Y. Mostafa, A.A. Shaltout, and H.S. Aljoudy, Ceram. Int. 44, 20692–20699 (2018).
W. Wu, Z. Wu, T. Yu, C. Jiang, and W.-S. Kim, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 16, 023501 (2015).
U. Schwertmann, The Iron Oxides : Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrences and Uses (2007)
A.N. Shmakov, G.N. Kryukova, S.V. Tsybulya, A.L. Chuvilin, and L.P. Solovyeva, J. Appl. Crystallogr. 28, 141–145 (1995).
B.P. Hahn, J.W. Long, A.N. Mansour, K.A. Pettigrew, M.S. Osofsky, and D.R. Rolison, Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 1495–1502 (2011).
M.I. Litter, and M.A. Blesa, Can. J. Chem. 70, 2502 (1992).
S. Nasibi, H. Nargesi khoramabadi, M. Arefian, M. Hojjati, I. Tajzad, A. Mokhtarzade, M. Mazhar, and A. Jamavari, J. Compos. Compd. 2, 68–75 (2020).
A. Pettignano, A. Charlot, and E. Fleury, Polymers 11, 1227 (2019).
N.F. Mazuki, A.P.P. Abdul Majeed, Y. Nagao, and A.S. Samsudin, Polym. Test. 81, 106234 (2020).
D. Duquette, and M.J. Dumont, Polym. Bull. Polymer Bulletin 76, 2683–2710 (2019).
A.M. El Sayed, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 321, 41–48 (2014).
C. Naceur Abouloula, M. Rizwan, V. Selvanathan, C.I. Abdullah, A. Hassan, R. Yahya, and A. Oueriagli, Ionics 24, 3827–3836 (2018).
J. Ampaiwong, P. Rattanawaleedirojn, K. Saengkiettiyut, N. Rodthongkum, P. Potiyaraj, and N. Soatthiyanon, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 19, 3544–3550 (2019).
S.C. Daminabo, S. Goel, S.A. Grammatikos, H.Y. Nezhad, and V.K. Thakur, Mater. Today Chem. 16, 100248 (2020).
T.P. Mohan, and K. Kanny, J. Compos. Mater. 50, 1261–1276 (2016).
H. Liu, J. Song, S. Shang, Z. Song, and D. Wang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 4, 2413–2419 (2012).
H. Dong, K.E. Strawhecker, J.F. Snyder, J.A. Orlicki, R.S. Reiner, and A.W. Rudie, Carbohyd. Polym. 87, 2488–2495 (2012).
J.-C. Liu, D.J. Martin, R.J. Moon, and J.P. Youngblood, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132, 41970 (2015).
H. Cheng, Q. Qian, X. Wang, P. Yu, and L. Mao, Electrochim. Acta 82, 203–207 (2012).
Z. Chen, G.-T. Kim, D. Chao, N. Loeffler, M. Copley, J. Lin, Z. Shen, and S. Passerini, J. Power Sources 372, 180–187 (2017).
A. Moretti, G.-T. Kim, D. Bresser, K. Renger, E. Paillard, R. Marassi, M. Winter, and S. Passerini, J. Power Sources 221, 419–426 (2013).
L. Zolin, J.R. Nair, D. Beneventi, F. Bella, M. Destro, P. Jagdale, I. Cannavaro, A. Tagliaferro, D. Chaussy, F. Geobaldo, and C. Gerbaldi, Carbon 107, 811–822 (2016).
F. Bella, J.R. Nair, and C. Gerbaldi, RSC Adv. 3, 15993–16001 (2013).
F. Bella, D. Pugliese, L. Zolin, and C. Gerbaldi, Electrochim. Acta 237, 87–93 (2017).
S. Awad, S. ElGamal, A.M. El Sayed, and E.E. AbdelHady, Polym. Adv. Technol. 31, 114–125 (2020).
A. Abdel-Galil, H.E. Ali, A. Atta, and M.R. Balboul, J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci. 7, 36–43 (2014).
M.S. El-Bana, G. Mohammed, S. El-Gamal, G. Mohammed, A.M. El Sayed, S. El-Gamal, and A.M. El Sayed, Polym. Compos. 39, 3712–3725 (2018).
X. Wang, C. Yao, F. Wang, and Z. Li, Small 13, 1702240 (2017).
D. Munao, J.W.M. van Erven, M. Valvo, E. Garcia-Tamayo, and E.M. Kelder, J. Power Sources 196, 6695–6702 (2011).
W.-R. Liu, M.-H. Yang, H.-C. Wu, S.M. Chiao, and N.-L. Wu, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 8, A100 (2005).
F. Bella, S. Galliano, M. Falco, G. Viscardi, C. Barolo, M. Grätzel, and C. Gerbaldi, Green Chem. 19, 1043–1051 (2017).
A.-H. Lu, E.L. Salabas, and F. Schüth, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46, 1222–1244 (2007).
J.D. Bernal, D.R. Dasgupta, and A.L. Mackay, Nature 180, 645–647 (1957).
R. Megha, Y.T. Ravikiran, S. Kotresh, S.C. Vijaya Kumari, H.G. Raj Prakash, and S. Thomas, Cellulose 25, 1147–1158 (2018).
T. Degen, M. Sadki, E. Bron, U. König, and G. Nénert, Powder Diffr. 29, S13–S18 (2014).
M.E. Brown, and P.K. Gallagher, Handbook of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (Oxford: Elsevier, 2008).
P.E. Gongwer, H. Arisawa, and T.B. Brill, Combust. Flame 109, 370–381 (1997).
W.H. Feng, Z.X. Pei, Z.B. Fang, M.L. Huang, M.L. Lu, S.X. Weng, Z.Y. Zheng, J. Hu, and P. Liu, J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 7802–7811 (2014).
M. Sayed, H. El-Maghraby, F. Bondioli, and S. Naga, J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 8, 23–30 (2018).
A. Dolgonos, T.O. Mason, and K.R. Poeppelmeier, J. Solid State Chem. 240, 43–48 (2016).
F. Urbach, Phys. Rev. 92, 1324–1324 (1953).
M. Aslam, M.A. Kalyar, and Z.A. Raza, J. Electron. Mater. 47, 3912–3926 (2018).
S.B. Aziz, H.M. Ahmed, A.M. Hussein, A.B. Fathulla, R.M. Wsw, and R.T. Hussein, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 26, 8022–8028 (2015).
G. Mahshad, and D. Davoud, J. Nanomater. 2013, 897043 (2013).
B.G. Streetman, and S.K. Banerjee, Solid State Electronic Devices (Boston: Pearson, 2016).
M. Abdelaziz, Physica B 406, 1300–1307 (2011).
M.M. El-Nahass, M. Dongol, M. Abou-zied, and A. El-Denglawey, Physica B 368, 179–187 (2005).
M. Aslam, M.A. Kalyar, and Z.A. Raza, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 28, 13401–13413 (2017).
J. Jin, R. Qi, Y. Su, M. Tong, and J. Zhu, Iran. Polym. J. 22, 767–774 (2013).
J. Rozra, I. Saini, A. Sharma, N. Chandak, S. Aggarwal, R. Dhiman, and P.K. Sharma, Mater. Chem. Phys. 134, 1121–1126 (2012).
S.H. Wemple, and M. DiDomenico, J. Appl. Phys. 40, 735–752 (1969).
K. Alfaramawi, Polym. Bull. 75, 5713–5730 (2018).
J.I. Pankove, and P. Dover, Optical Processes in Semiconductors (New York: Dover Publications Inc, 2018).
Z.K. Heiba, and M.B. Mohamed, J. Mol. Struct. 1181, 507–517 (2019).
NA Bakr, AM Funde, VS Waman, MM Kamble, RR Hawaldar, DP Amalnerkar, SW Gosavi, and SR Jadkar, Pramana 76, 519–531 (2011).
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the deanship of scientific research, Taif University, Saudi Arabia, for financial support (research project number: 1-440-6137).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ahmed, S.I., Heiba, Z.K., Ibrahim, M.M. et al. Synthesis and Characterization of Eco-Friendly CMC/Maghemite Nanocomposite Films. J. Electron. Mater. 50, 7098–7109 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-021-09237-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-021-09237-4