Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A quasi-chemical viscosity model for fully liquid slags in the Al2O3-CaO-‘FeO’-SiO2 system

  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A structurally based viscosity model for fully liquid silicate slags has been proposed and applied to the Al2O3-CaO-‘FeO’-SiO2 system at metallic iron saturation. The model links the slag viscosity to the internal structure of melts through the concentrations of various anion/cation structural units (SUs). The concentrations of structural units are equivalent to the second nearest neighbor bond concentrations calculated by the quasi-chemical thermodynamic model. This viscosity model describes experimental data over the entire temperature and composition range within the Al2O3-CaO-‘FeO’-SiO2 system at metallic iron saturation and can be extended to other industrial slag systems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. A. Kondratiev, E. Jak, and P.C. Hayes: JOM, 2002, vol. 54, pp. 41–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. S. Sridhar: JOM, 2002, vol. 54, pp. 46–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. K.C. Mills: Slag Atlas, 2nd ed., Verlag Stahleisen GmbH, Düsseldorf, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  4. S. Vargas, F.J. Frandsen, and K. Dam-Johansen: Progr. Energy Combust. Sci., 2001, vol. 27, pp. 237–429.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. J. Frenkel: Z. Phys., 1926, vol. 35, pp. 652–69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. J. Frenkel: Trans. Faraday Soc., 1937, vol. 33, pp. 58–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. J. Frenkel: Kinetic Theory of Liquids, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  8. H.D. Weymann: Kolloid Z. Z. Polymer, 1962, vol. 181, pp. 131–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. S. Glasstone, K.J. Laidler, and H. Eyring: Theory of the Rate Processes, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  10. H. Eyring: J. Chem. Phys., 1936, vol. 4, pp. 283–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. R. Ewell and H. Eyring: J. Chem. Phys., 1937, vol. 5, pp. 726–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. F. London: Z. Elektrochem., 1929, vol. 35, pp. 552–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. H. Eyring and M. Polanyi: Z. Phys. Chem. B, 1931, vol. 12, pp. 279–311.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. J.O’M. Bockris and A.K.N. Reddy: Modern Electrochemistry, Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1970, vol. 1, pp. 513–619.

    Google Scholar 

  15. S. Seetharaman and D. Sichen: Iron Steel Inst. Jpn. Int., 1997, vol. 37, pp. 109–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. S.V. Nemilov: Fiz. Khim. Stekla, 1978, vol. 4, pp. 129–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. W.D. Kingery, H.K. Bowen, and D.R. Uhlmann: Introduction to Ceramics, John Wiley & Sons, Toronto, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  18. B.O. Mysen: Dev. Geochem., 1988, vol. 4, pp. 1–354.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Y. Waseda and J.M. Toguri: The Structure and Properties of Oxide Melts, World Scientific, Singapore, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  20. J.B. Fincham and F.D. Richardson: Proc. R. Soc. (London), 1954, vol. 223, pp. 40–62.

    Google Scholar 

  21. H. Gaye and J. Welfringer: 2nd Int. Symp. on Metallurgy of Slags and Fluxes, TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1984, pp. 357–75.

    Google Scholar 

  22. E.A. Guggenheim: Proc. R. Soc. (London), 1935, vol. 148, pp. 304–12.

    Google Scholar 

  23. M. Blander and A.D. Pelton: 2nd Int. Symp. on Metallurgy of Slags and Fluxes, TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1984, pp. 295–304.

    Google Scholar 

  24. C.W. Bale, P. Chartrand, S.A. Degterov, G. Eriksson, K. Hack, R.B. Mahfoud, J. Melançon, A.D. Pelton, and S. Petersen: CALPHAD, 2002, vol. 26, pp. 189–228.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. E. Jak and P.C. Hayes: 9th Austr. Coal Science Conf., Australian Institute of Energy, Toukley, NSW, Australia, 2000, http://www.aie.org.au

    Google Scholar 

  26. R.D. Shannon: Acta Cryst., 1976, vol. A32, pp. 751–67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. G. Urbain: J. Mater. Educ., 1985, vol. 7, pp. 1007–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. G. Urbain, Y. Bottinga, and P. Richet: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1982, vol. 46, pp. 1061–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. P. Kozakevitch: Rev. Metall., 1960, vol. 57, pp. 149–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. P. Chartrand and A.D. Pelton: CALPHAD, 1999, vol. 23, pp. 219–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. A. Kondratiev and E. Jak: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2001, vol. 32B, pp. 1015–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. J.O’M. Bockris and D.C. Lowe: Proc. R. Soc. (London), 1954, vol. A226, pp. 423–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. V.P. Elyutin, V.I. Kostikov, B.C. Mitin, and Y.A. Nagibin: Z. Fiz. Khim., 1969, vol. 43, pp. 579–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. V.M. Lopatin, Y.P. Nikitin, L.N. Barmin, and I.B. Bobylev: Fiz. Khim. Issled. Metall. Protsessov, 1975, vol. 3, pp. 63–66.

    Google Scholar 

  35. N.A. Vatolin, G.P. Vyatkin, B.M. Zolatarevskii, Y.G. Izmailov, and V.F. Ukhov: VINITI Deposited Doc., 1977, VINITI 4190-77, pp. 1–17.

  36. Y. Shiraishi and T. Saito: Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi, 1965, vol. 29, pp. 614–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. T. Saito and Y. Kawai: Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Tohoku Univ. A, 1951, vol. 3, pp. 491–501.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. B. Vidacak, D. Sichen, and S. Seetharaman: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2001, vol. 32B, pp. 679–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. J. Chen, S. Greenberg, and R.B. Poeppel: Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 1984, ANL/FE-83-30, pp. 1–22.

  40. L.N. Sheludyakov, S.S. Nurkeev, E.T. Izotova, M.M. Kospanov, and A.R. Sabitov: Kompleksn. Ispol. Miner. Syr’ya, 1983, iss. 4, pp. 62–65.

  41. R.A. Blomquist, J.K. Fink, and L. Leibowitz: Ceram. Bull., 1978, vol. 5, p. 522.

    Google Scholar 

  42. G. Urbain: Rev. Int. Haut. Temp. Refract., 1982, vol. 19, pp. 55–57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. G. Hofmaier and G. Urbain: Sci. Ceram., 1968, vol. 4, pp. 25–32.

    Google Scholar 

  44. R. Rossin, J. Bersan, and G. Urbain: Rev. Int. Haut. Temp. Refract., 1964, vol. 1, pp. 159–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. T. Licko and V. Danek: Phys. Chem. Glasses, 1986, vol. 27, pp. 22–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. G. Hofmaier: Berg Huttenm. Monatsh. Montan. Hochschule Loeben, 1968, vol. 113, pp. 270–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. G.H. Kaiura, J.M. Toguri, and G. Marchant: Can. Metall. Q., 1977, vol. 16, pp. 156–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. M. Kucharski, N.M. Stubina, and J.M. Toguri: Can. Metall. Q., 1989, vol. 28, pp. 7–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Y. Shiraishi, K. Ikeda, A. Tamura, and T. Saito: Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met., 1978, vol. 19, pp. 264–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. G. Urbain: Rev. Int. Haut. Temp. Refract., 1983, vol. 20, pp. 135–39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. P.M. Bills: J. Iron Steel Inst., 1963, vol. 201, pp. 133–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. H.J. Hurst, F. Novak, and J.H. Patterson: Fuel, 1999, vol. 78, pp. 439–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. H.J. Hurst, J.H. Patterson, and A. Quintanar: Fuel, 2000, vol. 79, pp. 1797–99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. F. Johannsen and H. Brunion: Z. Erz. Metall., 1959, vol. 12, pp. 211–19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. M. Kato and S. Minowa: Trans. ISI Jpn., 1969, vol. 9, pp. 31–38.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. J.S. Machin and T.B. Yee: J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1948, vol. 31, pp. 200–04.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. C.M. Scarfe, D.J. Cronin, J.T. Wenzel, and D.A. Kauffman: Am. Miner., 1983, vol. 68, pp. 1083–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. F. Johannsen and W. Weize: Z. Erz. Metall., 1958, vol. 11, pp. 1–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. F. Ji, D. Sichen, and S. Seetharaman: 5th Int. Conf. Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts, ISS, Sydney, 1997, pp. 519–34.

    Google Scholar 

  60. P. Roentgen, H. Winterhager, and L. Kammel: Z. Erz. Metall., 1956, vol. 9, pp. 207–14.

    Google Scholar 

  61. A.A. Gimmelfarb: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Metally, 1968, No. 2, pp. 59–70.

  62. H. Schenck, M.G. Frohberg, and W. Rohde: Arch. Eisenhuttenwes., 1961, vol. 32, pp. 521–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. J.F. Bacon, A.A. Hasapis, and J.W.Jr. Wholley: Phys. Chem. Glasses, 1960, vol. 1, pp. 90–98.

    Google Scholar 

  64. J.O’M. Bockris, J.D. MacKenzie, and J.A. Kitchener: Trans. Faraday Soc., 1955, vol. 51, pp. 1734–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. D.W. Bowen and R.W. Taylor: Ceram. Bull., 1978, vol. 57, pp. 818–19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. R. Bruckner: Glastech. Ber., 1964, vol. 37, pp. 413–25.

    Google Scholar 

  67. P. Kozakevitch: Rev. Metall., 1949, vol. 46, pp. 505–16, 572–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. T. Myslivec, J. Wozniak, and V. Cerny: Sb. Ved. Pr. Vys. Sk. Banaske Ostrave, 1974, vol. 20, pp. 57–67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. G. Urbain: Compt. Rendus, 1951, vol. 232, pp. 330–332.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. P.P. Evseev, L.I. Sinyukova, and A.F. Fillipov: Izv. VUZ Chern. Met., 1966, vol. 9 (1), pp. 74–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. D.Y. Povolotskii, V.Y. Mischenko, G.P. Vyatkin, and A.V. Puzyrev: Izv. VUZ Chern. Met., 1970, vol. 13 (12), pp. 8–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. P. Williams, M. Sunderland, and G. Briggs: Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., 1983, vol. 92C, pp. 105–09.

    Google Scholar 

  73. A.F. Kurochkin, A.V. Pavlov, and A.N. Kuyatkovskii: Kompleksn. Ispol. Miner. Syr’ya, 1983, no. 12, pp. 33–36.

  74. K.C. Mills, L. Chapman, A.B. Fox, and S. Sridhar: 6th Int. Conf. Slags Fluxes Molt. Salts, 2000, KTH, Stockholm, CD-ROM, paper no. 433.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. the Pyrometallurgy Research Centre, School of Engineering, The University of Queensland, 4072, St Lucia, QLD, Australia

    Alex Kondratiev (Postdoctoral Research Fellow) & Evgueni Jak (Associate Professor and Research Director)

Authors
  1. Alex Kondratiev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Evgueni Jak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kondratiev, A., Jak, E. A quasi-chemical viscosity model for fully liquid slags in the Al2O3-CaO-‘FeO’-SiO2 system. Metall Mater Trans B 36, 623–638 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-005-0053-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-005-0053-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation