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Phenomenal Effect of Stable (Ti, Mo)C Nano-Sized Precipitates in Retarding the Recrystallization and Grain Growth in High-Strength Ferritic Steel

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Abstract

The present study demonstrates remarkable retardation of recrystallization and grain growth during sub-critical annealing of 60 pct cold-rolled ferritic steel containing Ti and Mo. The evolution of Ti–Mo–C based clusters and nano-sized (Ti, Mo)C precipitates during the course of annealing in Ti–Mo added steel was studied extensively through transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. The recrystallization kinetics was evaluated from the electron back-scattered diffraction analysis. The Ti–Mo added steel exhibited just a partially recrystallized (60 pct) fine ferrite grain structure (~ 8.8 µm) even after annealing for 24 h at 873 K (600 °C). An intriguing aspect was the emergence of tiny partially coherent (Ti, Mo)C precipitates in Ti–Mo steel after 8 hours of annealing. Those precipitates effectively pinned down the dislocations and migrating ferrite boundaries, significantly retarding the recrystallization and grain growth, respectively. Grain refinement and substantial precipitation strengthening from the partially coherent (Ti, Mo)C nano-sized precipitates ensured a decent combination of strength (UTS ~ 821 MPa) and ductility (~ 16.5 pct total elongation) in the 8 hours annealed sample. Extensive yield point elongation (~ 4 pct) observed in that sample (undesired for automotive body application) can be attributed to the combined effect of shearing of nano-sized partially coherent precipitates by the dislocations along with Cottrell locking of dislocations by the solute atoms.

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Acknowledgments

The authors sincerely thank Research & Development, Tata Steel, for supplying the material and Research Infrastructure Development Grant (SGDRI-2015) received from SRIC, IIT Kharagpur. The authors acknowledge the experimental support received from the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering and Central Research Facility, IIT Kharagpur and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre.

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On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India

    Pranabananda Modak, Arka Mandal, Richa Gupta, Rahul Mitra & Debalay Chakrabarti

  2. Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India

    Anish Karmakar

  3. Materials Science Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India

    Sudip Kumar Sarkar, Sarita Ahlawat, Suman Neogy & Aniruddha Biswas

  4. Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, 711103, India

    Arunansu Haldar

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  1. Pranabananda Modak
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Manuscript submitted August 29, 2021; accepted November 12, 2021.

Appendix

Appendix

1.1 Calculation of Dislocation Density from X-ray Diffraction

The dislocation density was calculated from x-ray diffraction data using modified Williamson–Hall method, and the expression is given by Eq. [a1][81,82]:

$$ \rho = \frac{{2\sqrt 3 < \varepsilon^{2} >^{\frac{1}{2}} }}{(D \times b)} $$
(a1)

where \(< \varepsilon^{2} >^{\frac{1}{2}}\) and D are the micro-strain and crystallite size, respectively, which were calculated from the intercept and slope of the Williamson–Hall plot, and b is the Burgers vector. In our study the calculated dislocation density of S1 steel varied in the range of 1.3 × 1015 m-2 to 2.2 × 1015 m-2.

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Modak, P., Mandal, A., Gupta, R. et al. Phenomenal Effect of Stable (Ti, Mo)C Nano-Sized Precipitates in Retarding the Recrystallization and Grain Growth in High-Strength Ferritic Steel. Metall Mater Trans A 53, 689–705 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06550-9

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