Abstract
A high-purity Ti sheet was treated by laser surface alloying (LSA) with Cr at two different powers (100 and 200 W), with microstructural features in various laser-modified zones characterized by energy-dispersive spectrometry, electron channeling contrast imaging, and electron backscatter diffraction techniques. Hardness variation induced by the LSA was also examined and correlated with these microstructural features. Results show that at both laser powers there are two modification zones with distinct microstructural characteristics: (i) melted zone (MZ) near the surface, composed of martensitic α plates supersaturated with Cr and dense nanotwins inside them; (ii) heat-affected zone (HAZ) beneath the MZ, featured by irregular-shaped grains and substructures with varied sizes and little Cr in their interiors. Hardness measurements show that remarkable hardness increase (~ 2.5 times that of the matrix) could occur in the MZ after the LSA treatments. This can be ascribed to combined contribution from grain refinement, the presence of abundant nanotwins, and solid solution of Cr. The subgrains in the HAZ, produced by dislocation recovery, have only marginal contribution to hardness increase. The hardness of the Ti(Cr)-200W specimen is slightly lower than that of the Ti(Cr)-100W specimen, which is related to the dilution of Cr and the reduced cooling rate associated with enlarged modification zone at higher power. After comparing with laser surface treatments without alloying, it is confirmed that the LSA with Cr in the present work is much more effective in hardening the surface of pure Ti.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
I. Gurrappa: Mater. Charact., 2003, vol. 51, pp. 131-39.
M.A.-H. Gepreel and M. Niinomi: J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2013, vol. 20, pp. 407-15.
C. Cui, B.M. Hu, L. Zhao, and S. Liu: Mater. Des., 2011, 32, 1684-91.
J.-Y. Xia, L.-J. Chai, H. Wu, Y. Zhi, Y.-N. Gou, W.-J. Huang, N. Guo: Acta Metall. Sin., 2018, 31, 1215-23.
Y.S. Tian, C.Z. Chen, S.T. Li, and Q.H. Huo: Appl. Surf. Sci., 2005, 242, 177-84.
A.E. Medvedev, H.P. Ng, R. Lapovok, Y. Estrin, T.C. Lowe, and V.N. Anumalasetty: J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2016, vol. 57, pp. 55-68.
H. Guleryuz and H. Cimenoglu: Surf. Coat. Technol., 2005, vol. 192, pp. 164-70.
I. Watanabe, M. McBride, P. Newton, and K.S. Kurtz: Dent. Mater., 2009, 25, 629-33.
J.B. Fogagnolo, A.V. Rodrigues, M.S.F. Lima, V. Amigó, and R. Caram: Scripta Mater., 2013, vol. 68, pp. 471-74.
Y. Zhu, D. Liu, X. Tian, H. Tang, and H. Wang: Mater. Des., 2014, 56, 445-53.
S. Chen, A.D. Usta, and M. Eriten: Surf. Coat. Technol., 2017, vol. 315, pp. 220-31.
W.-F. Ho, T.-Y. Chiang, S.-C. Wu, and H.-C. Hsu: J. Alloys Compd., 2009, 468, 533-38.
Y. Guo and G.S. Frankel: Surf. Coat. Technol.,2012, vol. 206, pp. 3895-3902.
D. Banerjee and J.C. Williams: Acta Mater., 2013, 61, 844-79.
D.-B. Wei, P.-Z. Zhang, Z.-J. Yao, W.-P. Liang, Q. Miao, and Z. Xu: Corros. Sci., 2013, vol. 66, pp. 43-50.
Y.Z. Zhang, C. Meacock, and R. Vilar: Mater. Des., 2010, 31, 3891-95.
H.-C. Hsu, S.-C. Wu, T.-Y. Chiang, and W.-F. Ho: J. Alloys Compd., 2009, 476, 817-25.
J.W. Won, D. Kim, S.-G. Hong, and C.S. Lee: J. Alloys Compd., 2016, 683, 92-99.
F.J. Humphreys: J. Mater. Sci., 2001, vol. 36, pp. 3833-54.
A.V. Dobromyslov, G.V. Dolgikh, Ya. Dutkevich, and T.L. Trenogina: Phys. Met. Metallogr., 2009, vol. 107, pp. 502-10.
G.C. Obasi, S. Birosca, J. Fonseca, and M. Preuss: Acta Mater., 2012, 60, 1048-58.
S.C. Wang, M. Aindow, and M.J. Starink: Acta Mater., 2003, 51, 2485-2503.
L. Chai, H. Wu, Z. Zheng, H. Guan, H. Pan, N. Guo, and B. Song: J. Alloys Compd., 2018, 741, 116-22.
Y.B. Chun, M. Battaini, C.H.J. Davies, and S.K. Hwang: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2010, 41A, 3473-87.
Z. Zeng, Y. Zhang, and S. Jonsson: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2009, 513, 83-90.
Y.B. Chun and S.K. Hwang: Acta Mater., 2008, 56, 369-79.
Z. Zeng, S. Jonsson, and H.J. Roven: Acta Mater., 2009, 57, 5822-33.
Z. Nishiyama, M. Oka, and H. Nakagawa: Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met., 1966, vol. 7, pp. 174-77.
M.H. Yoo: Metall. Trans. A, 1981, 12A, 409-18.
S.J. Lainé and K.M. Knowles: Philos. Mag., 2015, vol. 95, pp. 2153-66.
R.H. Ericksen, R. Taggart, and D.H. Polonis: Acta Metall., 1969, vol. 17, pp. 553-64.
S. Banerjee, S.J. Vijayakar, and R. Krishnan: Acta Metall., 1978, vol. 26, pp. 1815-31.
X. Zhang, A. Misra, H. Wang, M. Nastasi, J.D. Embury, T.E. Mitchell, R.G. Hoagland, and J.P. Hirth: Appl. Phys. Lett., 2004, vol. 84, pp. 1096-98.
Z. You, X. Li, L. Gui, Q. Lu, T. Zhu, H. Gao, and L. Lu: Acta Mater., 2013, vol. 61, pp. 217-27.
X. Li, Y. Wei, L. Lu, K. Lu, and H. Gao: Nature, 2010, vol. 464, pp. 877-80.
L. Chai, H. Wu, S. Wang, K. Chen, T. Wang, and J. Xia: Mater. Chem. Phys., 2017, 198, 303-09.
L. Chai, K. Chen, Y. Zhi, K.L. Murty, L.-Y. Chen, and Z. Yang: J. Alloys Compd., 2018, 748, 163-70.
R.I. Jaffee: Prog. Met. Phys., 1958, vol. 7, pp. 65-163.
Acknowledgments
This work was financed by the Fundamental and Cutting-Edge Research Plan of Chongqing (cstc2018jcyjAX0299) and the Education Reform Project for Professional Degree Graduate of Chongqing University of Technology (ZSSD103-2018CLCXCY1005).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Manuscript submitted December 18, 2018.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, T., Zeng, L., Li, Z. et al. Influences of Laser Surface Alloying with Cr on Microstructural Characteristics and Hardness of Pure Ti. Metall Mater Trans A 50, 3794–3804 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05312-y
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05312-y