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Tempering of Martensite in Dual-Phase Steels and Its Effects on Softening Behavior

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Abstract

The isothermal and nonisothermal tempering of martensite in dual-phase (DP) steels was investigated mainly by analytical transmission electron microscopy, and the effect on softening behavior was studied. The isothermal tempering resulted in coarsening and spheroidization of cementite and complete recovery of laths. However, nonisothermal tempering manifested fine quasi-spherical intralath and platelike interlath cementite, decomposition of retained austenite, and partial recovery of laths. The distinct characteristic of nonisothermal tempering was primarily attributed to the synergistic effect of delay in cementite precipitation and insufficient time for diffusion of carbon due to rapid heating that delays the third stage of tempering. The finer size and platelike morphology of cementite coupled with partial recovery of lath resulted in reduced softening in nonisothermal tempering compared to severe softening in isothermal tempering due to large spheroidized cementite and complete recovery of lath substructure. The substitutional content of precipitated cementite in nonisothermal tempering was correlated to the richness of particular steel chemistry. Softening resistance during nonisothermal tempering was related to DP steel chemistry, i.e., Cr and Mn content. Fine cementite and less decomposed martensite in rich chemistry confer high resistance to softening compared to leaner chemistries, which indicated severe decomposition of martensite with coarser cementite.

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Notes

  1. RIGAKU is a trademark of Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo.

  2. JEOL7000F is a trademark of Japan Electron Optics Ltd., Tokyo.

  3. PHILIPS CM12 is a trademark of Royal Philips Electronics, Amsterdam.

  4. SHIMADZU HMV-2000 is a trademark of Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto.

  5. STRUERS TENUPOL-5 is a trademark of Struers, Ballerup, Denmark.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Auto21 (one of the Networks of Centres for Excellence supported by the Canadian Government), The Initiative for Automotive Manufacturing Innovation (IAMI) supported by the Ontario Government, International Zinc Association (IZA) at Belgium, Arcelor Mittal Dofasco at Hamilton, and Huys Industries in Canada. VHBH acknowledges the support from CONACYT Mexico and the Autonomous University of Zacatecas Mexico. The authors are thankful to Professor Scott Lawson, the Centre for Advanced Materials Joining, University of Waterloo, for his constructive comments and suggestions.

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Author notes

  1. V. H. Baltazar Hernandez (Graduate Student, Professor)

    Present address: MpyM-EPMM Academic Unit of Engineering, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, C.P. 98000, Zacatecas, Mexico

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada

    V. H. Baltazar Hernandez (Graduate Student, Professor), S. S. Nayak (Postdoctoral Fellow) & Y. Zhou (Director, Professor)

  2. Centre for Advanced Materials Joining, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada

    S. S. Nayak (Postdoctoral Fellow) & Y. Zhou (Director, Professor)

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  1. V. H. Baltazar Hernandez
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Correspondence to S. S. Nayak.

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Manuscript submitted December 23, 2010.

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Baltazar Hernandez, V.H., Nayak, S.S. & Zhou, Y. Tempering of Martensite in Dual-Phase Steels and Its Effects on Softening Behavior. Metall Mater Trans A 42, 3115–3129 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-011-0739-3

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