Zusammenfassung
Klonale Hämatopoese ist definiert als das Auftreten von Mutationen in Leukozyten des peripheren Blutes bei nicht hämatologisch Erkrankten. Häufig sind von diesen Sequenzveränderungen wichtige Treibergene für hämatologische Neoplasien betroffen. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden die Begriffe CHIP (klonale Hämatopoese unbestimmten Potenzials) und, aufgrund der dann nachgewiesen Altersabhängigkeit, ARCH (altersassoziierte klonale Hämatopoese) geprägt. Laut jüngeren Studiendaten entsteht CHIP jedoch bereits in der ersten Lebensjahrzehnten, und die entsprechenden Klone bleiben über Jahrzehnte stabil oder expandieren langsam, sodass nahezu jedes Individuum betroffen sein könnte. Der Nachweis von CHIP-Mutationen ist mit einem erhöhten Risiko für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen und hämatologische Neoplasien assoziiert. Der Begriff CCUS (klonale Zytopenie unklarer Signifikanz), einer Vorstufe von MDS (myelodysplastisches Syndrom), bezeichnet Situationen, in denen bei unklarer Zytopenie ohne signifikante Dysplasien klonale Mutationen nachweisbar sind. Die Evolution von CHIP bis zum MDS oder der sekundären AML (akute myeloische Leukämie) ist von einer Klongrößenzunahme, der Akquisition weiterer Mutationen und dem Einfluss wichtiger Kofaktoren geprägt. Das Risiko des Übergangs einer Zytopenie in eine hämatologische Systemerkrankung hängt von der Art und Anzahl der Mutationen ab. Der Nachweis von CHIP ist prädiktiv für das Entstehen eines MDS und einer AML und mit dem Risiko für und der Prognose von therapieassoziierten myeloischen Neoplasien assoziiert. Auch für aplastische Anämien, CLL (chronische lymphatische Leukämie), maligne Lymphome und solide Tumoren ist CHIP relevant. Beim Nachweis von CHIP gibt es, abhängig von Begleitbefunden, differenzierte Vorschläge zum klinischen Management der Betroffenen.
Abstract
Clonal hematopoiesis is defined as the occurrence of mutations in leukocytes in the peripheral blood of non-hematological patients. These sequence changes often affect important driver genes for hematological neoplasms. In this context, the terms CHIP (clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential) and, due to the dependence on age, ARCH (age-related clonal hematopoiesis) were introduced. However, recent study data indicate that CHIP develops already in the first decades of life, and the corresponding clones remain stable or expand slowly over decades, so that almost every individual might be affected. The detection of CHIP mutations is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and hematological neoplasms. The term clonal cytopenia of unclear significance (CCUS), a precursor of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), describes situations in which clonal mutations can be detected in unclear cytopenia without significant dysplasia. Progression of CHIP to MDS or secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by an increase in clonal size, the acquisition of further mutations and the influence of important cofactors. The risk of a transition from cytopenia to a hematological systemic disease depends on the type and number of mutations. The detection of CHIP is predictive for the development of MDS and AML and is associated with the risk for and prognosis of therapy-associated myeloid neoplasms. CHIP is also predictive for aplastic anemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), malignant lymphomas, and solid tumors. In the detection of CHIP there are, depending on accompanying findings, differentiated suggestions for the clinical management of those affected.
Abbreviations
- AA:
-
Aplastische Anämie
- AML:
-
Akute myeloische Leukämie
- ARCH:
-
„Age-related clonal hematopoiesis“, altersassoziierte klonale Hämatopoese
- ASXL1 :
-
Gen für den ASXL-Transkriptionsregulator 1 (ASXL: „additional sex combs-like“)
- Auto-SZT:
-
Autologe Stammzelltransplantation
- AVK:
-
Arterielle Verschlusskrankheit
- BCOR :
-
Gen für den BCL6-Korepressor (BCL: „B cell lymphoma“)
- BCORL1 :
-
Gen für das BCL6-Korepressor-ähnliche Protein 1
- CALR :
-
Calretikulingen
- CBFB :
-
Gen der „core-binding factor subunit beta“
- CBL :
-
Gen des CBL-Protoonkogens (CBL: „Casitas B‑lineage lymphoma“)
- CCUS:
-
Klonale Zytopenie unklarer Signifikanz
- CDKN2C :
-
Gen für den zyklinabhängigen Kinaseinhibitor 2C
- CEBPA :
-
Gen für „CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha“ (CCAAT: Cytosin-Cytosin-Adenosin-Adenosin-Thymidin)
- CHIP:
-
Klonale Hämatopoese unbestimmten Potenzials
- CLL:
-
Chronische lymphatische Leukämie
- CML :
-
Chronische myeloische Leukämie
- CMML:
-
Chronische myelomonozytäre Leukämie
- CNV-LOH:
-
Kopienzahlneutraler Verlust der Heterozygotie („copy number neutral loss of heterozygosity“)
- CUX1 :
-
Gen für „cut like homeobox 1“
- DNA:
-
Desoxyribonukleinsäure
- DNMT3A :
-
Gen für die DNA-Methyltransferase 3α
- EP300 :
-
Gen für das E1A-Bindeprotein p300
- ETV6 :
-
Gen für „ETS variant transcription factor 6“ (ETS: „E26 transformation-specific“)
- EZH2 :
-
Gen für „enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit“
- FISH:
-
Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung
- FLT3 :
-
Gen für „fms related tyrosine kinase 3“
- G3BP1 :
-
Gen für das „Ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1“
- GATA2 :
-
Gen für „GATA binding protein 2“ (GATA: „globin transcription factor 1“)
- GTP:
-
Guanosintriphosphat
- HLA:
-
Menschliches Leukozytenantigen
- HNF1A :
-
Gen für die HNF-1-Homöobox A (HNF: „hepatocyte nuclear factor“)
- hSPZ:
-
Hämatopoetische Stamm- und Progenitorzellen
- IDH1 :
-
Gen der Isozitratdehydrogenase 1
- IDH2 :
-
Gen der Isozitratdehydrogenase 2
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- JAK2 :
-
Gen für die Januskinase 2
- kH:
-
Klonale Hämatopoese
- KHK:
-
Koronare Herzkrankheit
- kvE:
-
Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankung
- LDL:
-
„Low density lipoprotein“
- MBL:
-
Monoklonale B‑Zell-Lymphozytose
- MDS:
-
Myelodysplastisches Syndrom
- MYD88 :
-
Gen für „myeloid differentiation primary response 88 innate immune signal transduction adaptor“
- MYH11 :
-
Gen der „myosin heavy chain 11“
- NGS:
-
„Next generation sequencing“
- NLP3:
-
Neuropeptidähnliches Protein 3
- NOTCH1 :
-
Gen für den Notch-Rezeptor 1
- PHF6 :
-
Gen für „plant homeodomain finger protein 6“
- PIGA :
-
Gen für „phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class A“
- POT1 :
-
Gen für „protection of telomeres 1“
- RNA:
-
Ribonukleinsäure
- RIT1 :
-
Gen für „Ras like without CAAX 1“ (CAAX: C: Cystein, A aliphatische Aminosäure, X Prenylationstyp)
- RUNX1 :
-
Gen für „Runt related transcription factor 1“
- RUNX1T1 :
-
Gen des „RUNX1 partner transcriptional co-repressor 1“
- SF3B1 :
-
Gen der Spleißfaktor-3b-Untereinheit 1
- SMC3 :
-
Gen für „structural maintenance of chromosomes 3“
- SNP:
-
„Short-nucleotide-polymorphism“
- SRSF2 :
-
Gen für den „serine and arginine rich splicing factor 2“
- T-:
-
T‑Zell-
- TET2 :
-
Gen für „ten-eleven translocation 2“
- TP53 :
-
Gen für das Tumorsuppressorprotein 53
- U2AF1 :
-
Gen für „U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 1“
- UPD:
-
Uniparentale Disomie
- VAF:
-
Variante Allelfrequenz
- ZRSR2 :
-
Gen für „zinc finger CCCH-type, RNA binding motif and serine/arginine rich 2“ (CCCH: „common control channel“)
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Haase, D. Klonale Hämatopoese – Teil 2. best practice onkologie 14, 360–372 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11654-019-00167-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11654-019-00167-6
Schlüsselwörter
- Myelodysplastische Syndrome
- Myeloproliferative Erkrankungen
- Akute myeloische Leukämie
- Aplastische Anämie
- Therapieassoziierte Neoplasien