Abstract
The food industry uses a wide variety of processes which are not well understood. Current modelling and measurement approaches are reviewed, with specific reference to work at Birmingham on Particle tracking (PEPT) and the potential of temperature time indicators in process validation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Campbell, G M, Webb, C, Pandiella, S S, et al. Bubbles in Food. Pub. Eagan Press, 1999
Ball, C O. Thermal Process Time for Canned Foods. Bulletin of the Nat. Resources Council, 1923, 7: 1
Taoukis, P S. Modelling the Use of Time-Temperature Indicators in Distribution and Stock Rotation. In: Food Process Modelling. Ed: L M M Tijskens, M Hertog, B Nicolai, Woodhead Publishing, 2001
Maesmans, G, Hendrickx, M, De Cordt, S, et al. Theoretical Considerations on Design of Multicomponent Time Temperature Integrators in Evaluation of Thermal Processes. J. Fd Proc. Pres., 1993, 17: 369–389
Tucker, G S. Validation of Heat Processes. In: Thermal Technologies in Food Processing. Ed: P. Richardson. Woodhead Publishing, 2001
Van Loey, A, Ludikhuyze, L, Hendrickx, M, et al. Theoretical Consideration on the Influence of the z-value of a Single Component Time/Temperature Integrator on Thermal Process Impact Evaluation. J. Food Protection, 1995, 58: 39–48
Kim, K H, Teixeira, A A. Predicting Internal Temperature Responses to Conduction-Heating of Odd Shaped Solids. J. Food Process Eng., 1997, 20: 51–63
Lopez, A. Heat Process Determinations. In: A Complete Course in Canning and Related Processes. Pub: The Canning Trade Inc. Baltimore, 1987, 2: 21–30
Toledo, R T. Thermal Process Calculations. In: Fundamentals of Food Process Engineering. 2nd Edition. Pub: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1991, 315–397
Akterian, S G. Online Strategy for Compensating for Arbitrary Deviations in Heating Medium Temperature During Batch Thermal Sterilization Processes. J. Food Eng., 1999, 39: 1–7
Bellara, S R, Fryer, P J, McFarlane, C M, et al. Visualization and Modelling of the Thermal Inactivation of Bacteria in a Model Food. Appl. Env. Microbiol., 1999: 65: 3095–3099
Mackey, B M, Derrick, C M. Changes in the Heat Resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium During Heating at Rising Temperatures. Lett. Appl. Microbiol, 1987, 4: 13–16
Verboven, P, Nicolaï, B M, Scheerlinck, N, et al. The Local Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient in Thermal Food Process Calculations: A CFD Approach. J. Food Eng., 1997, 33, 15–35
Pan, Z, Singh, R P, Rumsey, T R. Predictive Modelling of Contact-Heating Process for Cooking a Hamburger Patty. J. Food Eng., 2000, 46: 9–19
Tewkesbury, H, Stapley, A G F, Fryer, P J. Modelling Temperature Distributions in Cooling Chocolate Moulds. Chem. Eng. Sci., 2000, 55: 3123–3132
Kumar, A, Bhattacharya, M, Blaylock, J, Numerical Simulation of Natural Convection Heating of Canned Thick Viscous Food Products. J. Food Sci., 1990, 55: 1403–1411, 1420
Abdul Ghani, A G, Farid, M M, Chen, X D, et al. Numerical Simulation of Natural Convection Heating of Canned Food by Computational Dynamics. J. Food. Eng., 1999, 41: 55–64
Abdul Ghani, A G, Farid, M M, Chen, X D, et al. An Investigation of Deactivation of Bacteria in a Canned Liquid Food During Sterilization Using Computational Fluid Dynamics. J. Food. Eng., 1999, 42: 207–214
Parker, D, Broadbent, C J, Fowles, P, et al. A Positron Emission Particle Tracking - A Technique for Studying Flow Within Engineering Equipment. Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, 1993, 236–592
Cox, P W, Bakalis, S, Ismail, H, et al. Visualisation of Three-Dimensional Flows in Rotating Cans Using Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT). J. Food Proc. Eng., In press, 2002
Varga, S, Oliveria, J C, Smout, Chantal, C, et al. Modelling Temperature Variability in Batch Retorts and Its Impact on Lethality Distribution. J. Food. Eng., 2000, 44: 163–174
Verboven, P, Scheerlinck, N, De Baerdemaeker, J, et al. Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling and Validation of the Temperature Distribution in a Forced Convection Oven. J. Food Eng., 2000, 43: 61–73
Bakalis, S, Fryer, P J. Measurement of Velocity Distributions of Viscous Fluids Using Positron Emitting Particle Tracking. 6th World Congress of Chemical Engineering, Melbourne Australia, 2001
Jung, A, Fryer, P J. Optimising the Quality of Safe Food: Computational Modelling of a Continuous Sterilisation Process. Chem. Eng. Sci., 1999, 54: 717–730
Liao, H J, Rao, M A, Datta, A K. Role of Thermorheological Behaviour in Simulation of Continuous Sterilization of a Starch Dispersion Trans. IChemE., 2000, 78: C, 48–56
Lareo, C, Branch, C A, Fryer, P J. Particle Velocity Profiles for Solid-Liquid Food Flows in Vertical Pipes. 1. Single Particles. Powder Tech., 1997, 93: 23–34
Lareo, C, Nedderman, R M, Fryer, P J. Particle Velocity Profiles for Solid-Liquid Food Flows in Vertical Pipes. 2. Multiple Particles. Powder Tech., 1997, 93: 35–45
Liu Shi, Pain, J-P, Proctor, J M, et al. An Experimental Study of Particle Flow Velocities in Solid-Liquid Food Mixtures. Chem. Eng. Commun., 1993, 124: 97–114
Lareo, C, Fryer, P J, Barigou, M. The Fluid Mechanics of Two-Phase Solid-Liquid Food Flows: A Review. Trans. IchemE., 1997, 75: C, 73–105
Barigou, M, Mankad, S, Fryer, P J. Heat Transfer in Two-Phase Solid-Liquid Food Flows: A Review. Trans. IChemE., 1998, 76: C, 3–29
Mankad, S, Branch, C A, Fryer, P J. The Effect of Particle Slip on the Sterilization of Solid-Liquid Food Mixtures. Chem. Eng. Sci., 1995, 50: 1323–1336
Sun, X Z, Litchfield, J B, Schmidt, S J. Temperature Mapping in a Model Food Gel Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J. Food Sci., 1993, 68: 168–172, 181
Sun, X Z, Schmidt, S J, Litchfield, J B. Temperature Mapping in a Potato Using Half Fourier Transform MRI of Diffusion. J. Food Proc. Eng., 1994, 17: 423–437
Hulbert, G J, Litchfield, J B, Schmidt, S J. Determination of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients Using 2D MRI Temperature Mapping and Finite Element Modelling. J. Fd. Eng., 1997, 34: 193–201
Kantt, C A, Schmidt, S J, Sizer, C E, et al. Temperature Mapping of Particles During Aseptic Processing with Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J. Food. Sci., 1998, 63: 305–311
Fairhurst, P G, Barigou, M, Fryer, P J, et al. Using Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT) to Study Nearly Buoyant Particles in High Solid Fraction Pipe Flow. Int. J. of Multiphase Flow, 2001, 27: 1881–1901
Metaxas, A C. Foundations of Electroheat: a Unified Approach Pub Wiley. 1996
Fryer, P J, Davies, L J. Modelling Electrical Resistance (‘Ohmic’) Heating in Foods. In ‘Food Process Operations Modelling: Design and Analysis’. Ed: J. Irudayraji. Marcel Deker, 2001
Bows, J R. A Classification System for Microwave Heating of Food. Int. J. Fd. Sci. Tech., 2000, 35: 417–430
Bows, J R, Patrick, M L, Janes, R, et al. Microwave Phase Control Heating. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 1999, 34: 295–304
Dibben, D C, Metaxas, A C. Finite Element Time Domain Analysis of Multimode Applicators Using Edge Elements. J. Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, 1994, 29: 242–251
de Alwis, A A P, Halden, K, Fryer, P J. Shape and Conductivity Effects in the Ohmic Heating of Foods. Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 1989, 67: 159–168
Kemp, M, Davies, L, Fryer, P J. The Geometry of Shadows: Effects of Inhomogeneities in Electrical Field Processing. J. Food Eng., 1999, 40: 245–258
Zhang, Li, Fryer, P J. Models for the Electrical Heating of Solid-Liquid Food Mixtures. Chem. Eng. Sci., 1993, 48: 633–643
Zhang, Li, Fryer, P J. Food Processing by Electrical Heating; the Sensistivity of Product Sterility and Quality to Process Parameters. AIChEJ, 1994, 40: 888–898
Ruan, R, Chen, P, Chang, K, et al. Rapid Food Particle Measurement Temperature Mapping During Ohmic Heating Using FI-ASH MRI. J. Food Sci., 1999, 64: 1024–1026
Van Impe, J F, Bernaerts, K, Geeraerd, A H, et al. Modelling and Prediction in an Uncertain Environment. In: Thermal Technologies in Food Processing. Ed: P. Richardson. Woodhead Publishing Ltd, 2001
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cox, P.W., Fryer, P.J. Heat transfer to foods: Modelling and validation. J. of Therm. Sci. 11, 320–330 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-002-0045-x
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-002-0045-x