Abstract
Phosphorus (P) in surface runoff from purple soil is a critical element of agricultural non-point source pollution, leading to eutrophication of surface waters in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) of China. This work aimed to understand the processes and mechanisms of P losses from bare purple soil. Based on an indoor rainfall simulation experiment, we focused on the processes of surface runoff and P losses via different hydrological pathways. Experimental treatments included three simulated rainfall intensities, four slope gradients, and three fertilizer treatments. P loss from sediment was the main pathway in the purple soil, and bioavailable P was mainly transferred in dissolved P (DP) of runoff water. The P loss loads tend to grow with the increase of the slope until 25° for the maximum load of runoff water and 20° for the maximum load of sediment. Concentrations of DP in the surface runoff after fertilizer application can exceed the estimates of those required for accelerated eutrophication. Sediment P control might be an essential way for reducing P loss in purple soil for the local government and farmers of TGRA.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agriculture Chemistry Committee, Soil Science Society of China (1983) Conventional Methods of Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. Science Press, Beijing, China. (in Chinese)
Algoazany AS, Kalita PK, Czapar GF, et al. (2007) Phosphorus transport through subsurface drainage and surface runoff from a flat watershed in east central Illinois, USA. J Environ Qual 36: 681–693. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0161
Allen BL, Mallarino AP, Klatt JG, et al. (2006) Soil and surface runoff phosphorus relationships for five typical USA midwest soils. J Environ Qual 35: 599–610. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0135
Allen BL, Mallarino AR (2008) Effect of liquid swine manure rate, incorporation, and timing of rainfall on phosphorus loss with surface runoff. J Environ Qual 37: 125–137. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0125
APHA-American Public Health Association America Water Works Association (1995) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Nineteenth, Washington, DC.
Bao SD (2000) Agro-chemical Analysis of Soil. Agricultural Publish House of China, Beijing, China. (in Chinese)
Bieger K, Hormann G, Fohrer N (2014) Simulation of streamflow and sediment with the soil and water assessment tool in a data scarce catchment in the Three Gorges Region, China. J Environ Qual 43: 37–45. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0383
Chen LG, Qian X, Shi Y (2011) Critical Area Identification of Potential Soil Loss in a Typical Watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region. Water Resour Manag 25: 3445–3463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-011-9864-4
Daniel T, Sharpley A, Lemunyon J (1998) Agricultural phosphorus and eutrophication: A symposium overview. J Environ Qual 27: 251–257. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700020002x
Deng L, Fei K, Sun T, et al. (2020) Characteristics of phosphorus loss from the weathered granite slopes of southeast China. Pol J Environ Stud 29: 2139–2150. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/111136
Deng L, Sun T, Fei K, et al. (2021) Coupling loss characteristics of N-P-C through runoff and sediment in the hilly region of SE China under simulated rainfall. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 28: 37204–37216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13186-0
Dong W, Wang Q (2013) Modeling soil solute release into runoff and transport with runoff on a loess slope. J Hydrol Eng 18: 527–535. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11497
Gao Y, Zhu B, Wang T, et al. (2010) Bioavailable phosphorus transport from a hillslope cropland of purple soil under natural and simulated rainfall. Environ Monit Assess 171: 539–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1298-6
Gilley JE, Eghball B, Marx DB (2007) Nutrient concentrations of runoff during the year following manure application. T ASABE 50: 1987–1999. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.24102
Grant KN, Macrae ML, Ali GA (2019) Differences in preferential flow with antecedent moisture conditions and soil texture: Implications for subsurface P transport. Hydrol Process 33: 2068–2079. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13454
He X, Zheng Z, Li T, et al. (2020) Effect of slope gradient on phosphorus loss from a sloping land of purple soil under simulated rainfall. Pol. J Environ Stud 29: 1637–1647. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/109722
He X, Zheng Z, Li T, et al. (2019) Transport of colloidal phosphorus in runoff and sediment on sloping farmland in the purple soil area of south-western China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 26: 24088–24098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05735-5
Hu ZF, Gao M, Xie DT, et al. (2013) Phosphorus loss from dry sloping lands of Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. Pedosphere 23: 385–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(13)60030-2
Iqbal MZ, Krothe NC (1995) Infiltration mechanisms related to agricultural waste transport through the soil mantle to karst aquifers of southern Indiana, USA. J Hydrol 164: 171–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)02573-T
Jiang T, Teng L, Wei S, et al. (2010) Application of polyacrylamide to reduce phosphorus losses from a Chinese purple soil: a laboratory and field investigation. J Environ Manage 91: 1437–1445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.02.006
Khan S, Milham PJ, Eltohamy KM, et al. (2022) Pteris vittata plantation decrease colloidal phosphorus contents by reducing degree of phosphorus saturation in manure amended soils. J Environ Manage 304: 114214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114214
Kleinman PJA, Sharpley AN, McDowell RW, et al. (2011) Managing agricultural phosphorus for water quality protection: principles for progress. Plant Soil 349: 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0832-9
Kleinman PJA, Sharpley AN, Moyer BG, et al. (2002) Effect of mineral and manure phosphorus sources on runoff phosphorus. J Environ Qual 31: 2026–2033. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.2026
Kleinman PJA, Srinivasan MS, Dell CJ, et al. (2006) Role of rainfall intensity and hydrology in nutrient transport via surface runoff. J Environ Qual 35: 1248–1259. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0015
Korkanc SY, Dorum G (2019) The nutrient and carbon losses of soils from different land cover systems under simulated rainfall conditions. Catena 172: 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.08.033
Jia H, Lei A, Lei J, et al. (2007) Effects of hydrological processes on nitrogen loss in purple soil. Agr Water Manage 89: 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2006.12.013
Jin K, Cornelis WM, Schiettecatte W, et al. (2009) Effects of different soil management practices on total P and Olsen-P sediment loss: A field rainfall simulation study. Catena 78: 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2009.02.019
Leon A, Kohyama K (2017) Estimating nitrogen and phosphorus losses from lowland paddy rice fields during cropping seasons and its application for life cycle assessment. J Clean Prod 164: 963–979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.116
Liu L, Liu D, Johnson DM, et al. (2012) Effects of vertical mixing on phytoplankton blooms in Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir: implications for management. Water Res 46: 2121–2130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.029
Liu R, Wang J, Shi J, et al. (2014) Runoff characteristics and nutrient loss mechanism from plain farmland under simulated rainfall conditions. Sci Total Environ 468: 1069–1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.035
Lu RK (2000) Analytical Methods of Soil Agrochemistry. China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, Beijing, China. (in Chinese)
Liu W, Ciais P, Liu X, et al. (2020) Global phosphorus losses from croplands under future precipitation scenarios. Environ Sci Technol 54: 14761–14771. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03978
Ma X, Li Y, Li B, et al. (2016a) Nitrogen and phosphorus losses by runoff erosion: Field data monitored under natural rainfall in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. Catena 147: 797–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.09.004
Ma X, Li Y, Li B, et al. (2016b) Evaluation of nitrogen and phosphorus loads from agricultural nonpoint source in relation to water quality in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. Desalin Water Treat 57(44): 20985–21002. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1112307
Ma X, Li Y, Zhang M, et al. (2011) Assessment and analysis of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus loads in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Hubei Province, China. Sci Total Environ 412–413: 154–161.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.034
Massey HF, Jackson ML (1952) Selective erosion of soil fertility constituents. Soil Sci Soc Am J 16: 353–356. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1952.03615995001600040008x
Mng’ong’o M, Munishi LK, Blake W, et al. (2021). Characterization of soil phosphate status, sorption and saturation in paddy wetlands in usangu basin-Tanzania. Chemosphere 278: 130466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130466
Nicolaisen JE, Gilley JE, Eghball B, et al. (2007) Crop residue effects on runoff nutrient concentrations following manure application. T ASABE 50: 939–944. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.23158
Oladeji OO, O’Connor GA, Brinton SR (2008) Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands. J Environ Manage 88: 1593–1600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.08.001
Ordonez-Fernandez R, Rodriguez-Lizana A, Jesus Espejo-Perez A, et al. (2007) Soil and available phosphorus losses in ecological olive groves. Eur J Agron 27: 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2007.02.006
Qin X, Guo S, Zhai L, et al. (2020) How long-term excessive manure application affects soil phosphorous species and risk of phosphorous loss in fluvo-aquic soil. Environ Pollut 266: 115304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115304
Sharma R, Bella RW, Wong MT (2017) Dissolved reactive phosphorus played a limited role in phosphorus transport via runoff, throughflow and leaching on contrasting cropping soils from southwest Australia. Sci Total Environ 577: 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.182
Sharpley AN (1985) The selective erosion of plant nutrients in runoff. Soil Sci Soc Am J 49: 1527–1534. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900060039x
Sharpley AN, McDowell RW, Kleinman PJA (2001) Phosphorus loss from land to water: integrating agricultural and environmental management. Plant Soil 237: 287–307. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013335814593
Sharpley AN, Kleinman PJA (2003) Effect of rainfall simulator and plot scale on overland flow and phosphorus transport. J Environ Qual 32: 2172–2179. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.2172
Sharpley AN, Kleinman PJA, Heathwaite AL, et al. (2008) Phosphorus loss from an agricultural watershed as a function of storm size. J Environ Qual 37: 362–368. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0366
Sharpley AN, Smith S, Bain W (1993) Nitrogen and phosphorus fate from long-term poultry litter applications to Oklahoma soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 57: 1131–1137. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700040041x
Sun J, Huang CH, Han G, et al. (2019) Effects of cover on soil particle and associated soil nutrient redistribution on slopes under rainfall simulation. J Soil Sediment 19: 729–740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-2088-y
Sharma R, Bella RW, Wong MT (2017) Dissolved reactive phosphorus played a limited role in phosphorus transport via runoff, throughflow and leaching on contrasting cropping soils from southwest Australia. Sci Total Environ 577: 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.182
Silva RG, Holub SM, Jorgensen EE, et al. (2005) Indicators of nitrate leaching loss under different land use of clayey and sandy soils in southeastern Oklahoma. Agr Ecosyst Environ 109: 346–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.12.018
Shen Z, Chen L, Hong Q, et al. (2013) Assessment of nitrogen and phosphorus loads and causal factors from different land use and soil types in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Sci Total Environ 454–455: 383–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.036
Turnbull L, Wainwright J, Brazier RE (2011) Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics during runoff events over a transition from grassland to shrubland in the south-western United States. Hydrol Process 25: 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7806
USEPA (1996) Environmental indicators of water quality in the United States. USEPA 841-R-96-002. USEPA, Office of Water (4503F). US Government Print Office, Washington.
Uusitalo R, Ylli-Malla M, Turtola E (2000) Suspended soil as a source of potentially bioavailable phosphorus in surface runoff waters from clay soils. Water Res 34: 2477–2482. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00419-4
Walton RS, Volker RE, Bristow KL, et al. (2000) Experimental examination of solute transport by surface runoff from low-angle slopes. J Hydrol 233: 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00226-2
Wang S, Feng X, Wang Y, et al. (2019) Characteristics of nitrogen loss in sloping farmland with purple soil in southwestern China during maize (Zea mays L.) growth stages. Catena 182: 104169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.104169
Wright CR, Amrani M, Akbar MA, et al. (2006) Determining phosphorus release rates to runoff from selected Alberta soils using laboratory rainfall simulation. J Environ Qual 35: 806–814. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0178
Wu L, Long TY, Liu X, et al. (2013) Modeling impacts of sediment delivery ratio and land management on adsorbed non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus load in a mountainous basin of the Three Gorges reservoir area, China. Environ Earth Sci 70: 1405–1422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2227-0
Wu L, Peng M, Qiao S, et al. (2018) Assessing impacts of rainfall intensity and slope on dissolved and adsorbed nitrogen loss under bare loessial soil by simulated rainfalls. Catena 170: 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.06.007
Xing W, Yang P, Ren S, et al. (2016) Slope length effects on processes of total nitrogen loss under simulated rainfall. Catena 139: 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.12.008
Xiong JB, Mahmood Q (2010) Adsorptive removal of phosphate from aqueous media by peat. Desalination 259: 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.04.035
Yan L, Xue L, Petropoulos E, et al. (2021) Nutrient loss by runoff from rice-wheat rotation during the wheat season is dictated by rainfall duration. Environ Pollut 285: 117382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117382
Yang L, Li J, Zhou K, et al. (2021) The effects of surface pollution on urban river water quality under rainfall events in Wuqing district, Tianjin, China. J Clean Prod 293: 126136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126136
Zheng FL, Huang CH, Darrell NL (2004) Surface water quality — Effects of near-surface hydraulic gradients on nitrate and phosphorus losses in surface runoff. J Environ Qual 33: 2174–2182. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.2174
Zhang GH, Liu GB, Wang GL, et al. (2011) Effects of Vegetation Cover and Rainfall Intensity on Sediment-Bound Nutrient Loss, Size Composition and Volume Fractal Dimension of Sediment Particles. Pedosphere 21: 676–684. https://doi.org/CNKI:SUN:TRQY.0.2011-05-015
Zhang W, Zhang Y, An Y, et al. (2021) Phosphorus fractionation related to environmental risks resulting from intensive vegetable cropping and fertilization in a subtropical region. Environ Pollut 269: 116098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116098
Zhang Y, Li X, Zhang X, et al. (2019) Investigating rainfall duration effects on transport of chemicals from soil to surface runoff on a loess slope under artificial rainfall conditions. Soil Water Res 14: 183–194. https://doi.org/10.17221/98/2018-SWR
Acknowledgements
This research was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation, China (41907124, 3210130653, 51908233), Program for Innovative Research Team of Excellent Middle-Aged and Young in Higher Education Institutions of Hubei Province (T2021011), Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province, China (2020CFB465), Educational Commission of Hubei Province, China (D20202503), and Open Fund of Research Center for Transition and Development of Resources-exhausted City, China (KF2020Z03).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ma, X., Yang, J., Zhou, Xj. et al. Transport of phosphorus in runoff and sediment with surface runoff from bare purple soil during indoor simulated rainfall. J. Mt. Sci. 19, 2333–2345 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-021-7242-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-021-7242-0