Abstract
Propolis is a natural bioactive compound that is being explored as a nutraceutical because of its potential health benefits. In this study, propolis-loaded biopolymer nanoparticles were fabricated from folic acid-modified carboxymethyl chitosan (FA-CMCS) using the pH-driven method. The mean diameter of the propolis-loaded FA-CMCS nanoparticles was about 180 nm, and transmission electron microscopy showed they had a spherical shape. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions were the major driving forces responsible for nanoparticle formation. The nanoparticles had good colloidal stability at pH 2.0, 3.0, 7.0, and 8.0 but exhibited some aggregation at intermediate pH values. The nanoparticles were also stable to salt addition up to 400 mM NaCl. Propolis-loaded FA-CMCS nanoparticles exhibited improved antioxidant properties compared to pure propolis and propolis-free nanoparticles. A simulated digestion model (fed state conditions) indicated that different amounts of propolis were released in different gastrointestinal regions: around 25%, 15%, and 25% in the stomach, small intestine, and colon, respectively. Our results suggest that the nanoparticles fabricated in this study have potential as colloidal delivery systems for sustained release of propolis in the human gut.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Y. Xu, L. Luo, B. Chen, Y. Fu, Front. Biol. China. 4(4), 385 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-009-0053-2
J.M. Sforcin, V. Bankova, A.K. Kuropatnicki, Evid-Based. Compl. Alt. 2017, 2702106 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2702106
S. Rajpara, M.S. Wilkinson, C.M. King, D.J. Gawkrodger, J.S. English, B.N. Statham, C. Green, J.E. Sansom, M.M.U. Chowdhury, H.L. Horne, A.D. Ormerod, Contact Dermatitis 61(5), 287 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01629.x
J.M. Sforcin, Phytother. Res. 30(6), 894 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5605
S.I. Anjum, A. Ullah, K.A. Khan, M. Attaullah, H. Khan, H. Ali, M.A. Bashir, M. Tahir, M.J. Ansari, H.A. Ghramh, N. Adgaba, C.K. Dash, Saudi. J. Biol. Sci. 26(7), 1695 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.08.013
Y. Frion-Herrera, D. Gabbia, A. Diaz-Garcia, O. Cuesta-Rubio, M. Carrara, Fitoterapia 136, 104173 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104173
N.L. Vukovic, A.D. Obradovic, M.D. Vukic, D. Jovanovic, P.M. Djurdjevic, Food Res. Int. 106, 71 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.056
T.C.A. Erika, C.D.S. Maria, M.S.O. José, U.K. Regianne, E.S.A. Rodolfo, A.V. Danilo, C.S. Valdemir, B.E. Pierre, D.B. Irinaldo, G.D.N. Ticiano, J. Pharm. Anal. 7(5), 280 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2017.03.004
V. Tzankova, D. Aluani, Y. Yordanov, M. Kondeva-Burdina, P. Petrov, V. Bankova, R. Simeonova, V. Vitcheva, F. Odjakov, A. Apostolov, B. Tzankov, K. Yoncheva, Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 29(3), 364 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2018.12.006
T. Ozdal, F.D. Ceylan, N. Eroglu, M. Kaplan, E.O. Olgun, E. Capanoglu, Food Res. Int. 122, 528 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.05.028
M. Sahlan, D. Dienayati, D. Hamdi, S. Zahra, H. Hermansyah, M. Chulasiri, Makara. J. Technol. 21(1), 1 (2017). https://doi.org/10.7454/mst.v21i1.3072
M.P. Nori, C.S. Favaro-Trindade, S.M.D. Alencar, M. Thomazini, J.C.D.C. Balieiro, C.J.C. Castillo, LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 44(2), 429 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2010.09.010
C. Jansen-Alves, D.S.V. Maia, F.D. Krumreich, M.M. Crizel-Cardoso, J.B. Fioravante, W.P. da Silva, C.D. Borges, R.C. Zambiazi, Food Hydrocoll. 87, 703 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.09.004
M. Sahlan, T. Supardi, Int. J. Pharm. Bio. Sci. 4(1), 297 (2013)
K. Pan, Q. Zhong, Food Hydrocoll. 52, 600 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.08.014
Z. Shariatinia, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 120, 1406 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.131
S. Kalliola, E. Repo, V. Srivastava, F. Zhao, J.P. Heiskanen, J.A. Sirvio, H. Liimatainen, M. Sillanpaa, Langmuir 34(8), 2800 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03959
J. Xiao, S. Nian, Q. Huang, Food Hydrocoll. 51, 166 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.05.012
S.S. Vaghani, M.M. Patel, C.S. Satish, Carbohyd. Res. 347(1), 76 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2011.04.048
H. Tu, Y. Qu, X. Hu, Y. Yin, H. Zheng, P. Xu, F. Xiong, Carbohyd. Polym. 82(2), 440 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.086
H. Zhang, Y. Fu, F. Niu, Z. Li, C. Ba, B. Jin, G. Chen, X. Li, Food Hydrocoll. 81, 104 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.02.019
M. Wang, Y. Fu, G. Chen, Y. Shi, X. Li, H. Zhang, Y. Shen, Food Hydrocoll. 77, 577 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.10.036
Y. Li, S. Zhang, X. Meng, X. Chen, G. Ren, Carbohyd. Polym. 83(1), 130 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.07.030
Y. Lu, P.S. Low, Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev. 64, 342 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.020
Y. Tan, C. Liu, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 22(5), 1213 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-011-4302-y
F. Luo, Z. Fan, W. Yin, L. Yang, T. Li, L. Zhong, Y. Li, S. Wang, J. Yan, Z. Hou, Q. Zhang, Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 105, 110107 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110107
S. Sahu, S. Mallick, S. Santra, T. Maiti, S. Ghosh, P. Pramanik, J. Mater. Sci: Mater. Med. 21(5), 1587 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-010-3998-4
Z. Hu, H. Zheng, D. Li, X. Xiong, M. Tan, D. Huang, X. Guo, X. Zhang, H. Yan, J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. 31, 446 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-016-1390-z
Y. Luo, K. Pan, Q. Zhong, Int. J. Pharmaceut. 486(1–2), 59 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.043
D.J. McClements, S. Peng, Z. Li, L. Zou, W. Liu, C. Liu, J. Agric. Food Chem. 66(6), 1488 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05478
K. Pan, H. Chen, S.J. Baek, Q. Zhong, Food Chem. 246, 82 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.002
K. Pan, Y. Luo, Y. Gan, S.J. Baek, Q. Zhong, Soft Matter 10(35), 6820 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4sm00239c
L. Wang, Y. Zhang, J. Agric. Food Chem. 65(14), 2990 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00194
V.L. Singleton, R. Orthofer, R.M. Lamuela-Raventós, Methods Enzymol. 299, 152 (1999)
H. Li, Z. Li, J. Zhao, B. Tang, Y. Chen, Y. Hu, Z. He, Y. Wang, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 9(1), 1 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-9-146
F. Wang, D. Zhang, C. Duan, L. Jia, F. Feng, Y. Liu, Y. Wang, L. Hao, Q. Zhang, Carbohyd. Polym. 84(3), 1192 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.01.017
H. Zhang, Y. Fu, Y. Xu, F. Niu, Z. Li, C. Ba, B. Jin, G. Chen, X. Li, Food Funct. 10(2), 635 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8fo01614c
I.F.F. Benzie, J. Strain, J. Anal. Biochem. 239(1), 70 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
P.H. Leung, S. Zhao, K.P. Ho, J.Y. Wu, Food Chem. 114(4), 1251 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.10.081
K. Feng, C. Li, Y. Wei, M. Zong, H. Wu, S. Han, J. Colloid. Interf. Sci. 552, 186 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.05.037
Y. Zhang, X. Tan, T. Ren, C. Jia, Z. Yang, H. Sun, Carbohyd. Polym. 198, 76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.055
F. Jing, G. Li, Y. Wang, S. Zhu, R. Liu, J. He, J. Lei, Polym. Advan. Technol. 32(1), 343 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.5090
B.S. Esfandiarpour, K.S. Bagheri, H. Mirzadeh, Prog. Biomater. 5, 1 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40204-015-0044-0
T. G. D. Nascimento, P. F. D. Silva, L. F. Azevedo, L. G. D. Rocha, P. Moraes, I. C. D., E. M. T. F. Lima, I. D. B. Junior, L. A. Grillo, C. B. Dornelas, E. J. Fonseca, J. O. E. D., A. T. Zhang,D. G. Watson (2016), Nanoscale Res. Lett. 11 (1), 301. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1517-3
Y. Wu, S. Sun, J. Zhao, Y. Li, Q. Zhou, J. Mol. Struct. 883–884, 48 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2007.12.009
M.F. Fangio, D.E. Orallo, L.B. Gende, M.S. Churio, J. Apicult. Res. 58(4), 626 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2019.1601318
Y. Irigoiti, D.K. Yamul, A.S. Navarro, LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 143, 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111164
K. Hu, D.J. McClements, Food Res. Int. 64, 329 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.07.004
W. Xiong, C. Ren, J. Li, B. Li, Food Funct. 9(7), 3788 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8fo00300a
C. Xiang, J. Gao, H. Ye, G. Ren, X. Ma, H. Xie, S. Fang, Q. Lei, W. Fang, Food Hydrocoll. 106, 1 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105926
Acknowledgements
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Y.W.: Conceptualization; Methodology; Investigation; Data curation; Formal analysis; Visualization; Writing—review & editing.
Y.F.: Conceptualization; Supervision; Formal analysis; Funding acquisition; Resources; Writing—review & editing.
D.J.M.: Writing—review & editing.
C.B.: Formal analysis; Investigation; Methodology; Visualization; Writing—original draft.
T.L.: Supervision; Data curation; Formal analysis; Writing—review & editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Y., Fu, Y., McClements, D.J. et al. Enhanced Colon-Targeted Release of Propolis by pH-driven Encapsulation using Folic Acid Modified Carboxymethyl Chitosan. Food Biophysics 17, 386–396 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11483-022-09729-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11483-022-09729-8