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Exploration of maximum wall deflection and stability for deep excavation in loose to medium-dense sand

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Abstract

This study aims to identify the relationship among the maximum wall deflection, system stiffness, and factor of safety (FS) against push-in failure for deep excavations in loose to medium-dense sand. It is concluded that when the FS against push-in failure is greater than or approximately equal to 1.2, the excavation remains stable, and the abovementioned relationship can be used to determine the maximum wall deflection. Empirical approaches for determining the maximum wall deflection are classified by the FS against push-in into two categories: 1.2 ≤ FS < 1.5 and 1.5 ≤ FS ≤ 2. Furthermore, the impacts from the strutting systems, such as the strut sizes and horizontal strut spacing, are further scrutinized by using non-linear multiple regression analysis to improve the reliable prediction of the wall deflection for deep excavation in loose to medium-dense sand. The outcome is also validated by excavation cases that have similar ground and retaining systems in this study.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, South Dist, National Chung- Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung City, 40227, Taiwan

    Bin-Chen Benson Hsiung

  2. Geotech Science Co., Ltd, 2F, No. 200, Section 3, Da-Tung Rd., New Taipei City, 221, Taiwan

    Hai Khac Phan

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Correspondence to Bin-Chen Benson Hsiung.

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Hsiung, BC.B., Phan, H.K. Exploration of maximum wall deflection and stability for deep excavation in loose to medium-dense sand. Acta Geotech. 19, 531–547 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-023-01926-0

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