ReviewFatty acid metabolism and cancer development
Introduction
Cancer cells are known to have alterations in metabolic pathways. The most well understood metabolic reprogramming is the Warburg effect as cancer cells limit their energy production to glycolysis and produce lactate in the presence of oxygen [1]. Another commonly observed metabolic alteration is the increased glutamine metabolism that results in the generation of higher levels of α-ketoglutarate and citrate in the Krebs cycle [2]. Recently, reprogramming in fatty acid metabolism in cancer cells and its functional role in promoting tumor progression has received increasing attention.
Lipids include fatty acids (FAs), phosphlipids, cholesterol and neutral triglycerides (TAG) are important macromolecules responsible for membrane structure and energy supply. Lipids can also serve as signaling molecules to regulate various biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Lipid metabolism includes lipid synthesis, uptake, trafficking, storage and degradation. Most mammalian cells acquire lipids from the blood stream either as free FAs (FFA) or lipoproteins. Theses lipids are obtained from dietary sources or by de novo synthesis in the liver, adipose tissue and the lactating breast. Extracellular FAs are then untaken into the cells and transported to various subcellular organelles by fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) 3., 4.. The de novo FA synthesis pathway converts citrate to FA through multiple enzymatic reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes including ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FASN). The expression levels of these enzymes are controlled by transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) [5]. Exogenous or de novo synthesized FAs require its activation via fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) that converts free FAs to FA-CoA. FA-CoA can enter into the TAG synthesis pathway through the chain reactions catalyzed by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT), phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase (lipin or PAP) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (GAT). TAG is then stored in a special subcellular organelles lipid droplets (LD) as energy source that can be degraded by specific lipases to release FAs [6]. The hydrolysis of TAG is catalyzed by adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), sequentially [7]. Released FAs will be uptaken by other tissues like muscle, heart and liver and convert into FA-CoA for oxidation through TCA cycles in mitochondria (Fig. 1). FA metabolism can also be influenced by cholesterol and phospholipid metabolism 8., 9..
Section snippets
Deregulation of fatty acid metabolism in cancer development
There is increasing evidence that cancer cells have specific alterations in different aspects of fatty acid metabolism and these data were summarized extensively by Currie et al. [10]. Besides fatty acid metabolism, altered cholesterol and phospholipid metabolism are also discovered in cancer cells and may play important roles in tumor progression. Here, we summarized the most updated information in fatty acid metabolism with special focus on proteins and enzymes in FA and TAG metabolic
Conclusion
Overall, growing evidence has shown that lipid metabolism play important roles in cancer development. Further investigations on the regulation of these pathways in different types of cancer will offer new strategies for cancer treatment, as well as for effective cancer prevention.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We thank members of the P.L. Laboratory at Tsinghua University for helpful discussion. This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program (2013CB530602), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31430040, 31321003).
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SPECIAL TOPIC: Lipid metabolism and human metabolic disorder