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A quantum federated learning framework for classical clients

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Abstract

Quantum federated learning (QFL) enables collaborative training of a quantum machine learning (QML) model among multiple clients possessing quantum computing capabilities, without the need to share their respective local data. However, the limited availability of quantum computing resources poses a challenge for each client to acquire quantum computing capabilities. This raises a natural question: Can quantum computing capabilities be deployed on the server instead? In this paper, we propose a QFL framework specifically designed for classical clients, referred to as CC-QFL, in response to this question. In each iteration, the collaborative training of the QML model is assisted by the shadow tomography technique, eliminating the need for quantum computing capabilities of clients. Specifically, the server constructs a classical representation of the QML model and transmits it to the clients. The clients encode their local data onto observables and use this classical representation to calculate local gradients. These local gradients are then utilized to update the parameters of the QML model. We evaluate the effectiveness of our framework through extensive numerical simulations using handwritten digit images from the MNIST dataset. Our framework provides valuable insights into QFL, particularly in scenarios where quantum computing resources are scarce.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China

    Yanqi Song, Shengyao Wu, Qiaoyan Wen, Sujuan Qin & Fei Gao

  2. Department of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia

    Yusen Wu

  3. School of Computer Science (National Pilot Software Engineering School), Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China

    Dandan Li

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  1. Yanqi Song
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  2. Yusen Wu
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Correspondence to Sujuan Qin or Fei Gao.

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Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62371069, 62272056, and 62372048), Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 4222031), and China Scholarship Council (Grant No. 202006470011).

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Song, Y., Wu, Y., Wu, S. et al. A quantum federated learning framework for classical clients. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 67, 250311 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-023-2337-2

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