Skip to main content
Log in

Diabetes und Leberzirrhose

Diabetes and liver cirrhosis

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Der Diabetologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Störungen des Glukosemetabolismus wie Glukoseintoleranz oder ein hepatogener Diabetes treten bei Patienten mit Leberzirrhose überaus häufig auf. Ursächlich ist eine hepatozelluläre Funktionseinschränkung im Rahmen der Zirrhose, die u. a. zur reduzierten Glykogensynthese sowie einer ausgeprägten Insulinresistenz führt. Umgekehrt entwickeln Patienten mit primär bestehendem Diabetes überdurchschnittlich häufig Leberschädigungen bis zur Leberzirrhose. Empfehlungen mit Leitliniencharakter zu Diagnostik und Therapie des hepatogenen Diabetes bzw. des Diabetes bei gleichzeitig bestehender Leberzirrhose fehlen bislang. Im Hinblick auf basistherapeutische Maßnahmen sollte eine ausreichende Deckung des Energie- und Proteinstoffwechsels gewährleistet sein, da ein Großteil der Zirrhosepatienten mangelernährt ist. Bei der medikamentösen Behandlung des hepatogenen Diabetes muss auf die erhöhte Hypoglykämiegefährdung geachtet werden. Geeignete orale Antidiabetika sind insbesondere Sulfonylharnstoffanaloga (Glinide) und Dipeptidylpeptidase-4(DPP-4)-Hemmer. Auch der Einsatz von „Glucagon-like-peptide-1“(GLP-1)-Analoga ist günstig. Wenn die suffiziente Diabeteseinstellung mit diesen Antidiabetika nicht gelingt, sollte eine prandiale Therapie mit Insulinen von kurzer Wirkdauer oder kurz wirksamen Insulinanaloga eingesetzt werden. Die Optimierung der diabetischen Stoffwechsellage hat neben der Vermeidung typischer diabetischer Spätkomplikationen wichtige Bedeutung für die Vermeidung und Reduzierung von zirrhoseassoziierten Komplikationen, wie z. B. hepatische Enzephalopathie oder das Auftreten eines hepatozellulären Karzinoms (HCC).

Abstract

Disturbances of glucose metabolism, such as glucose intolerance or hepatogenous diabetes frequently occur in patients with liver cirrhosis and are caused by functional hepatocellular loss and insulin resistance due to chronic liver disease. Until now there have been no recommendations comparable to guidelines on the diagnosis and therapy of hepatogenous diabetes. Regarding basic treatment a sufficient daily energy and protein supply should be guaranteed as the majority of patients with liver cirrhosis are malnourished. The risk of hypoglycemia must be carefully considered under pharmacological treatment of hepatogenous diabetes. Suitable oral antidiabetics are glinides, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) analogues; however, no data from clinical studies are available so far. If a sufficient diabetes adjustment cannot be achieved by oral antidiabetics, prandial insulin therapy using short acting insulin or rapidly acting insulin analogues should be applied. Optimization of diabetic metabolic conditions is not only important to avoid typical late diabetic complications but also cirrhosis-associated complications, e. g. gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy or the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abb. 1
Abb. 2
Abb. 3

Literatur

  1. AlDosary AA, Ramji AS, Elliott TG et al (2002) Post-liver transplantation diabetes mellitus: an association with hepatitis C. Liver Transpl 8:356–361

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. American Diabetes Association (2004) Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 27(Suppl1):5–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bosch J, Gomis R, Kravetz D et al (1984) Role of spontaneous portal-systemic shunting in hyperinsulinism of cirrhosis. Am J Physiol 247:G206–G212

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Caronia S, Taylor K, Pagliaro L et al (1999) Further evidence for an association between non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 30:1059–1063

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Creutzfeldt W, Sickinger K, Frerichs H (1971) Diabetes und Lebererkrankungen. In: Pfeiffer EF (Hrsg) Handbuch des Diabetes mellitus, Bd 2. Lehmann, München, S 807–859

  6. El Serag HB, Everhard JE (2002) Diabetes increases the risk of acute hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 122:1822–1828

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. El-Serag HB, Tran T, Everhart JE (2004) Diabetes increases the risk of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 126:460–468

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Gentile S, Guarino G, Romano M et al (2005) A randomized controlled trial of acarbose in hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3:184–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Gentile S, Turco S, Guarino G et al (2001) Effect of treatment with acarbose and insulin in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus associated with non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Diabetes Obes Metab 3:33–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Greco AV, Mingrone G, Mari A et al (2002) Mechanisms of hyperinsulinaemia in child’s disease grade B liver cirrhosis investigated in free living conditions. Gut 51:870–875

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Gundling F, Teich N, Strebel HM et al (2007) Nutrition in liver cirrhosis. Med Klin (Munich) 102:435–444

    Google Scholar 

  12. Gundling F, Seidl H, Pehl C et al (2009) How close do gastroenterologists follow specific guidelines for nutrition recommendations in liver cirrhosis? A survey of current practice. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21:756–761

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Gundling F, Schumm-Draeger PM, Schepp W (2009) Hepatogenous diabetes – diagnostics and treatment. Z Gastroenterol 47:436–445

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Gundling F, Seidl H, Löffler N et al (2009) Metabolic disturbances in liver cirrhosis (part 1) – hepatic osteopathy and malnutrition. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 134:2461–2464

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Gundling F, Schepp W (2012) Risk reduction of hepatocellular carcinoma by metformin – time for a change of paradigm? Z Gastroenterol 50:232–233

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Gundling F, Schepp W, Schumm-Draeger PM (2012) Hepatogenous diabetes in cirrhosis. Academic sport or a neglected disease. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 120:469–741

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gundling F, Seidl H, Strassen I et al (2013) Clinical manifestations and treatment options in patients with cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus. Digestion 87:75–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Huo TI, Lui WY, Huang YH et al (2003) Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for hepatic decompensation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing resection: a longitudinal study. Am J Gastroenterol 98:2293–2298

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Imano E, Nishida T, Shibata M et al (1999) Significance of oral glucose tolerance test for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in patients with liver cirrhosis. Intern Med 38:918

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Krauns P, Ruge W (1985) Plasma catecholamine levels in liver disease. Z Gastroenterol 23:64–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. La Vecchia C, Negri E, Decarli A et al (1997) Diabetes mellitus and the risk of primary liver cancer. Int J Cancer 73:204–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Merli M, Leonetti F, Riggio O et al (1999) Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in cirrhosis are normalized after liver transplantation. Hepatology 30:649–654

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Murphy EJ, Davern TJ, Shakil AO et al (2000) Troglitazone-induced fulminant hepatic failure. Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Dig Dis Sci 45:549–553

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Naunyn B (1898) Glykosurie und Diabetes durch experimentelle Insulte und Krankheiten der Leber. In: Naunyn B (Hrsg) Der Diabetes mellitus. Holder, Wien, S 38–49

  25. Niederau C (1999) Diabetes mellitus in hemochromatosis. Z Gastroenterol (Suppl 1):22–32

  26. Perseghini G, Mazzaferro V, Sereni LP et al (2000) Contribution of reduced insulin sensitivity and secretion to the pathogenesis of hepatogenous diabetes: effect of liver transplantation. Hepatology 31:694–703

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Plauth M, Cabre E, Riggio O et al (2006) ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: liver disease. Clin Nutr 25:285–294

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Proietto J, Dudley FJ, Aitken P et al (1984) Hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance of cirrhosis: the importance of insulin hypersecretion. Clin Endocrinol 21:657–665

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Sakaida I, Tsuchiya M, Okamoto M et al (2004) Late evening snack and the change of blood glucose level in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatol Res 30S:67–72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Schnedl WJ, Wallner SJ, Piswanger C et al (2005) Glycated hemoglobin and liver disease in diabetes mellitus. Wien Med Wochenschr 155:411–415

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Shetty A, Wilson S, Kuo P et al (2000) Liver transplantation improves cirrhosis- associated impaired oral glucose tolerance. Transplantation 69:2451–2454

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Sigal SH, Stanca CM, Kontorinis N et al (2006) Diabetes mellitus is associated with hepatic encephalopathy in patients with HCV cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 101:1490–1496

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Siegel EG, Jakobs R, Riemann JF (2001) Pancreatic insufficiency-induced and hepatogenic diabetes. Special aspects in pathophysiology and treatment. Internist 42(Suppl 1):8–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Tolman KG, Fonseca V, Dalpiaz A, Tan MH (2007) Spectrum of liver disease in type 2 diabetes and management of patients with diabetes and liver disease. Diabetes Care 30:734–743

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Tsuchiya M, Sakaida I, Okamoto M et al (2005) The effect of a late evening snack in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatol Res 31:95–103

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Vanecek R (1976) Atherosclerosis and cirrhosis of the liver. Bull World Health Organ 53:567–570

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Wyke RJ (1987) Problems of bacterial infection in patients with liver disease. Gut 28:623–641

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Garcia-Compean D, Jaquez-Quintana JO, Maldonado-Garza H (2009) Hepatogenous diabetes. Current views of an ancient problem. Ann Hepatol 8:13–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. F. Gundling und W. Schepp geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Das vorliegende Manuskript enthält keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to F. Gundling.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gundling, F., Schepp, W. Diabetes und Leberzirrhose. Diabetologe 9, 541–550 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11428-013-1067-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11428-013-1067-6

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation