Abstract
Purpose
This study examined the microplastic (MP) pollution in the sediment of the Istanbul Strait. We also wanted to draw attention to possible sources of MP pollution by identifying the polymer types. The Istanbul Strait divides Istanbul, which is a mega city with a population of approximately 20 million, into two; thus, domestic and industrial waste is concentrated in this region. It is also located on the route of approximately 45,000 ships annually. We evaluated the impact of these contaminants in sediment in terms of microplastics.
Materials and methods
Sediment samples were taken with the Van Veen grab (surface area samples of 0.1 m2) from 15 different stations in the Istanbul Strait in October 2020. MPs were extracted from sediment samples by density separation and classified according to their shape, size, colour and polymer types. Jasco NRS 3100 model Raman micro-spectrometers were used to identify the polymer structure of the MPs.
Results and discussion
The lowest amount of MP pollution (144.4 ± 77.9 MPs/kg of dry sediment) was detected at the Karaköy station and the highest amount (700 ± 177.6 MPs/kg of dry sediment) at the Anadolufeneri station. The station with the highest amount of MP particles was shown to be the Anadolufeneri station located at the Black Sea exit of the Istanbul Strait. The predominant particle shape was shown to be fibre (97%), and the ratio of 0–1 mm particles was found to be 51.8%. Raman spectroscopy was used to identify the polymer structure of the MPs, the dominant polymer type being polyphenylene sulphide (PPS).
Conclusion
We observed the negative effects of ship traffic, tourism, fisheries and dense populations in the Istanbul Strait in terms of MP pollution. Our findings show that the concentration is high even in regions such as Anadolu Hisarı and Rumelifeneri where there is relatively little urbanization. On the contrary, the lowest concentration is in Karaköy, where ship traffic and touristic activities are intense. The results suggest that the current system influences accumulation.
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Data availability
This study was conducted in Istanbul University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology. The data and materials generated in this study are available to the authors upon request.
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This study was supported by the Istanbul University Department of Scientific Research Projects (grand number FYL-2020–36426). We would also like to gratefully acknowledge ÖNAP 2423 for the Raman Spectroscopy analyses.
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Ayşegül Mülayim acquired the financial support for the project leading to this publication, conceptualization and writing original draft. Batuhan Olguner and Ayşegül Mülayim analysed and interpreted the data and did the preparation of sediments for analysis. Serda Kecel Gündüz and Batuhan Olguner made Raman analysis and visualization. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Olguner, B., Mülayim, A. & Gündüz, S.K. Microplastic concentration in the sediment of the Istanbul Strait (the Sea of Marmara, Türkiye). J Soils Sediments 23, 2892–2904 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03550-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03550-7