Abstract
Phase change materials enhance the thermal comfort of buildings by utilizing stored thermal energy. In large air-conditioning systems, ice storage plays a crucial role in managing peak power loads. This experimental study explores the freezing characteristics of deionized water containing suspended iron oxide nanoparticles in spherical containers for cold storage. The synthesized nanofluid phase change material (NFPCM) was investigated for its freezing behavior under surrounding fluid temperatures of − 2 °C and − 6 °C. The uniformity in charging of NFPCM is the unique feature prevalent in the first quarter of the charging, with 50% mass frozen observed. An increased surface heat flux of 200% was achieved using NFPCM at Tsurr = -6 °C. The chiller operational time is optimally reduced by 75% by considering twice the container design’s phase change materials. Adding iron oxide nanoparticles and partial charging is suitable for uniform heat transfer for the shorter freezing duration in cooling applications. The novelty of the present study is that the proposed NFPCM nearly nullifies the subcooling effects of deionized water without using nucleating agents. This NFPCM appreciably enhances power competence, yielding large-scale air-conditioning systems’ desired economic impact and sustainability. The reported results align with Sustainable Development Goals (7—Affordable and Clean Energy and 13—Climate Action).
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Abbreviations
- A :
-
Surface area (m2)
- m :
-
Mass (kg)
- q :
-
Surface heat flux (W m−2)
- T :
-
Temperature (ºC)
- W :
-
Uncertainty of the dependent variables
- \({R}_{\phi }\) :
-
General variable for uncertainty
- ∆t :
-
Time interval (s)
- x :
-
Independent variables
- λ :
-
Latent heat (kJ kg−1)
- i :
-
Measurement number
- ins :
-
Instantaneous
- s :
-
Surface
- surr :
-
Surroundings
- CTS:
-
Cold thermal storage
- DIW:
-
Deionized water
- DSC:
-
Differential scanning calorimeter
- HTF:
-
Heat transfer fluid
- NFPCM:
-
Nanofluid phase change materials
- PCM:
-
Phase change materials
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The authors thank the SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur Campus, Chennai, for providing the required research infrastructure.
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Ponnusamy Chandrasekaran: Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Methodology, Writing—original draft, Doss Premnath: Conceptualization; Formal analysis; Project administration; Writing—original draft, Marimuthu Cheralathan: Conceptualization; Validation; Visualization; Resources; Writing—review & editing, Ramalingam Senthil: Formal analysis; Validation; Visualization; Writing—review & editing.
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Chandrasekaran, P., Premnath, D., Cheralathan, M. et al. Experimental thermal performance of deionized water and iron oxide nanofluid for cold thermal storage. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 26330–26339 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33013-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33013-6