Abstract
Azo dyes, widely used in the textile industry, contribute to effluents with significant organic content. Therefore, the aim of this work was to synthesize cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) using the combustion method and assess its efficacy in degrading the azo dye Direct Red 80 (DR80). TEM showed a spherical structure with an average size of 33 ± 12 nm. Selected area electron diffraction and XRD confirmed the presence of characteristic crystalline planes specific to CoFe2O4. The amount of Co and Fe metals were determined by ICP-OES, indicating an n(Fe)/n(Co) ratio of 2.02. FTIR exhibited distinct bands corresponding to Co–O (455 cm−1) and Fe–O (523 cm−1) bonds. Raman spectroscopy detected peaks associated with octahedral and tetrahedral sites. For the first time, the material was applied to degrade DR80 in an aqueous system, with the addition of persulfate. Consistently, within 60 min, these trials achieved nearly 100% removal of DR80, even after the material had undergone five cycles of reuse. The pseudo-second-order model was found to be the most fitting model for the experimental data (k2 = 0.07007 L mg−1 min−1). The results strongly suggest that degradation primarily occurred via superoxide radicals and singlet oxygen. Furthermore, the presence of UV light considerably accelerated the degradation process (k2 = 1.54093 L mg−1 min−1). The material was applied in a synthetic effluent containing various ions, and its performance consistently approached 100% in the photo-Fenton system. Finally, two degradation byproducts were identified through HPLC–MS/MS analysis.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Fundação Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Process 312400/2021-7 and Process: 405828/2022-5), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG, RED-00144-22), Departments of Chemistry and Physics of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Microscopy Center at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (http://www.microscopy.ufmg.br) and Spectrometry, sample preparation and mechanization group at the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (https://gepam.iqm.unicamp.br/facilid_tit1.htm) for providing equipment and technical support. The authors would also like to thank professors Robson Ricardo Teixeira and Kássio Ferreira Mendes and Dr. Mariana Beatriz Teixeira Diniz for elucidating the degradation byproducts by HPLC-MS/MS.
Funding
This work was supported by Fundação Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Process 312400/2021–7 and Process: 405828/2022–5), and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG, RED-00144–22).
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Carmo Dias: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing; Gustavo Alves Puiatti: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis; Noemi Cristina Silva de Souza: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis; Eduardo Israel Pimenta de Souza: investigation; Renata Pereira Lopes: conceptualization, methodology, resources, funding acquisition, investigation, formal analysis, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, supervision.
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Highlights
• Cobalt ferrite was used to degrade DR80 through Fenton-like process.
• In the presence of UV light, the reaction reaches 100% degradation in less than 1 min.
• The degradation demonstrated versatility across a wide pH range.
• The material can be easily removed by magnetization and reused in various cycles.
• The main degradation species involve the radicals 1O2 and O2•–.
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do Carmo Dias, G., de Souza, N.C.S., de Souza, E.I.P. et al. Enhanced degradation of Direct Red 80 dye via Fenton-like process mediated by cobalt ferrite: generated superoxide radicals and singlet oxygen. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 28025–28039 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32976-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32976-w