Abstract
The problem of desertification (DSF) is one of the most severe environmental disasters which influence the overall condition of the environment. In Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit on Environment and Development (1922), DSF is defined as arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid induced LD and that is adopted at the UNEP’s Nairobi ad hoc meeting in 1977. It has been seen that there is no variability in the trend of long-term rainfall, but the change has been found in the variability of temperature (avg. temp. 0–5 °C). There is no proof that the air pollution brought on by CO2 and other warming gases is the cause of this rise, which seems to be partially caused by urbanization. The two types of driving factors in DSF—CC (climate change) along with anthropogenic influences—must be compared in order to work and take action to stop DSF from spreading. The proportional contributions of human activity and CC to DSF have been extensively evaluated in this work from “qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative” perspectives. In this study, we have tried to connect the drives of desertification to desertification-induced migration due to loss of biodiversity and agriculture failure. The authors discovered that several of the issues from the earlier studies persisted. The policy-makers should follow the proper SLM (soil and land management) through using the land. The afforestation with social forestry and consciousness among the people can reduce the spreading of the desertification (Badapalli et al. 2023). The green wall is also playing an important role to reduce the desertification. For instance, it was clear that assessments were subjective; they could not be readily replicated, and they always relied on administrative areas rather than being taken and displayed in a continuous space. This research is trying to fulfill the mentioned research gap with the help of the existing literatures related to this field.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets used during the current study are available on request.
References
Arnold E (1992) World Atlas of Desertification. UNEP, London, UK
Aubréville A (1949) Climats, forêts et désertification de l’Afrique tropicale
Badapalli PK, Kottala RB, Madiga R, Golla V (2022a) An integrated approach for the assessment and monitoring of land degradation and desertification in semi-arid regions using physico-chemical and geospatial modeling techniques. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30(55):116751–116764
Badapalli PK, Nakkala AB, Kottala RB, Gugulothu S (2022b) Geo environmental green growth towards sustainable development in semi-arid regions using physicochemical and geospatial approaches. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1–18
Badapalli PK, Kottala RB, Pujari PS (2023) Long-term temporal analysis of desertification, In: Aeolian Desertification: Disaster with Visual Impact in Semi-Arid Regions of Andhra Pradesh, South India. Springer, pp 101–122
Bestelmeyer BT, Okin GS, Duniway MC, Archer SR, Sayre NF, Williamson JC, Herrick JE (2015) Desertification, land use, and the transformation of global drylands. Front Ecol Environ 13:28–36
Board MA (2005) Millennium ecosystem assessment. Washington, DC: New Island 13:520
Ceballos G, Davidson A, List R, Pacheco J, Manzano-Fischer P, Santos-Barrera G, Cruzado J (2010) Rapid decline of a grassland system and its ecological and conservation implications. PLoS One 5:e8562
Charney J, Stone PH, Quirk WJ (1975) Drought in the Sahara: a biogeophysical feedback mechanism. Science 187:434–435
Cowie A, Penman T, Gorissen L, Winslow M, Lehmann J, Tyrrell T, Twomlow S, Wilkes A, Lal R, Jones J (2011) Towards sustainable land management in the drylands: scientific connections in monitoring and assessing dryland degradation, climate change and biodiversity. Land Degrad Dev 22:248–260
D’Odorico P, Bhattachan A, Davis KF, Ravi S, Runyan CW (2013) Global desertification: drivers and feedbacks. Adv Water Resour 51:326–344
Dregne HE, Chou N-T (1992) Global desertification dimensions and costs. Degrad Restor Arid Lands 1:73–92
Dronin N (2022) Reasons to rename the UNCCD: Review of transformation of the political concept through the influence of science. Environ Dev Sustain 1–21
Enfors EI, Gordon LJ (2008) Dealing with drought: the challenge of using water system technologies to break dryland poverty traps. Glob Environ Chang 18:607–616
Engelstaedter S, Kohfeld K, Tegen I, Harrison S (2003) Controls of dust emissions by vegetation and topographic depressions: an evaluation using dust storm frequency data. Geophys Res Lett 30
Eswaran H, Lal R, Reich P (2019) Land degradation: an overview. Response to land degradation 20–35
Fan B, Guo L, Li N, Chen J, Lin H, Zhang X, Shen M, Rao Y, Wang C, Ma L (2014) Earlier vegetation green-up has reduced spring dust storms. Sci Rep 4:6749
Ficklin DL, Abatzoglou JT, Robeson SM, Dufficy A (2016) The influence of climate model biases on projections of aridity and drought. J Clim 29:1269–1285
Geist HJ, Lambin EF (2004) Dynamic causal patterns of desertification. Bioscience 54:817–829
Gibbons JW, Scott DE, Ryan TJ, Buhlmann KA, Tuberville TD, Metts BS, Greene JL, Mills T, Leiden Y, Poppy S (2000) The Global Decline of Reptiles, Déjà Vu Amphibians: Reptile species are declining on a global scale. Six significant threats to reptile populations are habitat loss and degradation, introduced invasive species, environmental pollution, disease, unsustainable use, and global climate change. Bioscience 50:653–666
Gibbs HK, Salmon JM (2015) Mapping the world’s degraded lands. Appl Geogr 57:12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.11.024
Glantz MH, Orlovsky NS (2019) Desertification: anatomy of a complex environmental process, In: Natural Resources and People. Routledge, pp 213–229
Glantz MH, Orlovsky NS (1983) Desertification: a review of the concept. Desertif Control Bull 9:15–22
Glantz MH (2019) Drought and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa, In: Planning for Drought. Routledge, pp 297–316
Grainger A (2013) The threatening desert: controlling desertification. Routledge
Heffernan O (2016) The mystery of the expanding tropics. Nature 530:20
Helldén U, Tottrup C (2008) Regional desertification: a global synthesis. Glob Planet Chang 64:169–176
Hertel TW, Burke MB, Lobell DB (2010) The poverty implications of climate-induced crop yield changes by 2030. Glob Environ Chang 20:577–585
Homewood K, Lambin EF, Coast E, Kariuki A, Kikula I, Kivelia J, Said M, Serneels S, Thompson M (2001) Long-term changes in Serengeti-Mara wildebeest and land cover: pastoralism, population, or policies? Proc Natl Acad Sci 98:12544–12549
Hoover DL, Bestelmeyer B, Grimm NB, Huxman TE, Reed SC, Sala O, Seastedt TR, Wilmer H, Ferrenberg S (2020) Traversing the wasteland: a framework for assessing ecological threats to drylands. Bioscience 70:35–47
Hopkins A, Del Prado A (2007) Implications of climate change for grassland in Europe: impacts, adaptations and mitigation options: a review. Grass Forage Sci 62:118–126
Huang J, Yu H, Guan X, Wang G, Guo R (2016) Accelerated dryland expansion under climate change. Nat Clim Chang 6:166–171
Idris Medugu N, Rafee Majid M, Johar F (2011) Drought and desertification management in arid and semi-arid zones of Northern Nigeria. Manag Environ Qual: An Int J 22:595–611
Jagger P, Pender J (2003) The role of trees for sustainable management of less-favored lands: the case of eucalyptus in Ethiopia. Forest Policy Econ 5:83–95
Jensen JL, Schjønning P, Watts CW, Christensen BT, Obour PB, Munkholm LJ (2020) Soil degradation and recovery – changes in organic matter fractions and structural stability. Geoderma 364:114181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114181
Jiang L, Jiapaer G, Bao A, Kurban A, Guo H, Zheng G, De Maeyer P (2019) Monitoring the long-term desertification process and assessing the relative roles of its drivers in Central Asia. Ecol Ind 104:195–208
Kaufman YJ, Tanré D, Boucher O (2002) A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system. Nature 419:215–223
Khusfi ZE, Khosroshahi M, Roustaei F, Mirakbari M (2020) Spatial and seasonal variations of sand-dust events and their relation to atmospheric conditions and vegetation cover in semi-arid regions of central Iran. Geoderma 365:114225
Kirui OK (2016) Economics of land degradation and improvement in Tanzania and Malawi. Econ Land Degrad Improv–A Glob Assess Sustain Dev 609–649
Konare A, Zakey A, Solmon F, Giorgi F, Rauscher S, Ibrah S, Bi X (2008) A regional climate modeling study of the effect of desert dust on the West African monsoon. J Geophys Res: Atmos 113
Kong R, Zhang Z, Yu Z, Huang R, Zhang Y, Chen X, Xu C-Y (2023) Increasing sensitivity of dryland water use efficiency to soil water content due to rising atmospheric CO2. Sci Total Environ 905:167087
Koutroulis AG (2019) Dryland changes under different levels of global warming. Sci Total Environ 655:482–511
Kumar BP, Anusha B, Babu KR, Sree PP (2023) Identification of climate change impact and thermal comfort zones in semi-arid regions of AP, India using LST and NDBI techniques. J Clean Prod 407:137175
Lal R (2015) Restoring soil quality to mitigate soil degradation. Sustainability 7:5875–5895
Lal R (2018) Digging deeper: a holistic perspective of factors affecting soil organic carbon sequestration in agroecosystems. Glob Chang Biol 24:3285–3301
Lambin EF, Meyfroidt P (2011) Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108:3465–3472. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100480108
Landsberg HE (1970) Man-made climatic changes: man’s activities have altered the climate of urbanized areas and may affect global climate in the future. Science 170:1265–1274
Le Houérou HN (1996) Climate change, drought and desertification. J Arid Environ 34:133–185
Le Houérou Η (2019) The nature and causes of desertization, in: Desertification. CRC Press, pp 17–38
Li R, Gao J, He M, Jing J, Xiong L, Chen M, Zhao L (2023) Effect of rock exposure on runoff and sediment on karst slopes under erosive rainfall conditions. J Hydrol: Reg Stud 50:101525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101525
Lian X, Piao S, Chen A, Huntingford C, Fu B, Li LZ, Huang J, Sheffield J, Berg AM, Keenan TF (2021) Multifaceted characteristics of dryland aridity changes in a warming world. Nat Rev Earth Environ 2:232–250
Lorenz K, Lal R, Ehlers K (2019) Soil organic carbon stock as an indicator for monitoring land and soil degradation in relation to U nited N ations’ S ustainable D evelopment G oals. Land Degrad Dev 30:824–838
Lucke B, Shunnaq M, Walker B, Shiyab A, al Muheisen Z, al-Sababha H, Bäumler R, Schmidt M (2012) Questioning Transjordan’s historic desertification: a critical review of the paradigm of ‘Empty Lands.’ Levant 44:101–126
Malhi GS, Kaur M, Kaushik P (2021) Impact of climate change on agriculture and its mitigation strategies: a review. Sustainability 13:1318
Mbow H-OP, Reisinger A, Canadell J, O’Brien P (2017) Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (SR2). Ginevra, IPCC 650
Meena RN, Yadav L, Ghilotia Y, Meena RK (2013) Food security and agricultural sustainability–an impact of Green Revolution. Environ Ecol 31:1190–1197
Millennium ecosystem assessment, M (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being. Island press, Washington
Mortimore M (2016) Changing paradigms for people-centred development in the Sahel. The End of Desertification? Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands 65–98
Mwalusepo S, Tonnang HE, Massawe ES, Okuku GO, Khadioli N, Johansson T, Calatayud P-A, Le Ru BP (2015) Predicting the impact of temperature change on the future distribution of maize stem borers and their natural enemies along East African mountain gradients using phenology models. PLoS One 10:e0130427
Mythili G, Goedecke J (2016) Economics of land degradation in India. Economics of land degradation and improvement–a global assessment for sustainable development 431–469
Nardone A, Ronchi B, Lacetera N, Ranieri MS, Bernabucci U (2010) Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems. Livest Sci 130:57–69
Nearing GS, Gupta HV (2015) The quantity and quality of information in hydrologic models. Water Resour Res 51:524–538
Nelson GC, Rosegrant MW, Palazzo A, Gray I, Ingersoll C, Robertson R, Tokgoz S, Zhu T, Sulser TB, Ringler C (2010) Food security, farming, and climate change to 2050: scenarios, results, policy options. Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Pan L, Li R, Shu D, Zhao L, Chen M, Jing J (2022) Effects of rainfall and rocky desertification on soil erosion in karst area of Southwest China. J Mt Sci 19:3118–3130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-022-7458-7
Pierson FB, Williams CJ (2016) Ecohydrologic impacts of rangeland fire on runoff and erosion: a literature synthesis
Polley HW, Briske DD, Morgan JA, Wolter K, Bailey DW, Brown JR (2013) Climate change and North American rangelands: trends, projections, and implications. Rangel Ecol Manag 66:493–511
Prince SD (2016) Where does desertification occur? Mapping dryland degradation at regional to global scales. In: Behnke R, Mortimore M (eds) The End of Desertification? : Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands, Springer Earth System Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 225–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1_9
Quinton JN, Govers G, Van Oost K, Bardgett RD (2010) The impact of agricultural soil erosion on biogeochemical cycling. Nat Geosci 3:311–314
Ravi S, Breshears DD, Huxman TE, D’Odorico P (2010) Land degradation in drylands: Interactions among hydrologic–aeolian erosion and vegetation dynamics. Geomorphology 116:236–245
Reed MS, Buenemann M, Atlhopheng J, Akhtar-Schuster M, Bachmann F, Bastin G, Bigas H, Chanda R, Dougill A, Essahli W (2011) Cross-scale monitoring and assessment of land degradation and sustainable land management: a methodological framework for knowledge management. Land Degrad Dev 22:261–271
Reich P, Numbem S, Almaraz R, Eswaran H (2019) Land resource stresses and desertification in Africa, in: Response to Land Degradation. CRC Press, pp 101–116
Reynolds JF, Smith DMS, Lambin EF, Turner B, Mortimore M, Batterbury SP, Downing TE, Dowlatabadi H, Fernández RJ, Herrick JE (2007) Global desertification: building a science for dryland development. Science 316:847–851
Rojas-Downing MM, Nejadhashemi AP, Harrigan T, Woznicki SA (2017) Climate change and livestock: impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Clim Risk Manag 16:145–163
Rosenfeld D, Rudich Y, Lahav R (2001) Desert dust suppressing precipitation: a possible desertification feedback loop. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98:5975–5980
Rossi F, Li H, Liu Y, De Philippis R (2017) Cyanobacterial inoculation (cyanobacterisation): perspectives for the development of a standardized multifunctional technology for soil fertilization and desertification reversal. Earth Sci Rev 171:28–43
Rotenberg E, Yakir D (2010) Contribution of semi-arid forests to the climate system. Science 327:451–454
Rutherford WA, Painter TH, Ferrenberg S, Belnap J, Okin GS, Flagg C, Reed SC (2017) Albedo feedbacks to future climate via climate change impacts on dryland biocrusts. Sci Rep 7:1–9
Sabadell JE, Risley E, Jorgenson H, Thornton B (1982) Desertification in the United States, status and issues. Final Report April 1982. 277 p, 34 Fig, 399 Ref, 15 Append
Safriel U, Adeel Z (2008) Development paths of drylands: thresholds and sustainability. Sustain Sci 3:117–123
Scheff J, Frierson DM (2015) Terrestrial aridity and its response to greenhouse warming across CMIP5 climate models. J Clim 28:5583–5600
Schlesinger WH, Reynolds JF, Cunningham GL, Huenneke LF, Jarrell WM, Virginia RA, Whitford WG (1990) Biological feedbacks in global desertification. Science 247:1043–1048
Schwilch G, Liniger H, Hurni H (2014) Sustainable land management (SLM) practices in drylands: how do they address desertification threats? Environ Manag 54:983–1004
Sharmila S, Walsh K (2018) Recent poleward shift of tropical cyclone formation linked to Hadley cell expansion. Nat Clim Chang 8:730–736
Sherwood S, Fu Q (2014) A drier future? Science 343:737–739
Sims NC, Barger NN, Metternicht GI, England JR (2020) A land degradation interpretation matrix for reporting on UN SDG indicator 15.3. 1 and land degradation neutrality. Environ Sci Policy 114:1–6
Sivakumar M (2007) Interactions between climate and desertification. Agric for Meteorol 142:143–155
Smith P, Calvin K, Nkem J, Campbell D, Cherubini F, Grassi G, Korotkov V, Le Hoang A, Lwasa S, McElwee P (2020) Which practices co-deliver food security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and combat land degradation and desertification? Glob Change Biol 26:1532–1575
Sonneveld BG, Dent DL (2009) How good is GLASOD? J Environ Manag 90:274–283
Stavi I, Lal R (2015) Achieving zero net land degradation: challenges and opportunities. J Arid Environ 112:44–51
Sterk G, Boardman J, Verdoodt A (2016) Desertification: history, causes and options for its control. Land Degrad Dev 27:1783–1787
Swaminathan MS (2006) An evergreen revolution. Crop Sci 46:2293–2303
Thondhlana G, Muchapondwa E (2014) Dependence on environmental resources and implications for household welfare: evidence from the Kalahari drylands, South Africa. Ecol Econ 108:59–67
Thornton PK, van de Steeg J, Notenbaert A, Herrero M (2009) The impacts of climate change on livestock and livestock systems in developing countries: a review of what we know and what we need to know. Agric Syst 101:113–127
Tsikerdekis A, Zanis P, Georgoulias AK, Alexandri G, Katragkou E, Karacostas T, Solmon F (2019) Direct and semi-direct radiative effect of North African dust in present and future regional climate simulations. Clim Dyn 53:4311–4336
UNCCD (1994) United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, Elaboration of an International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (UN Doc. A/AC. 241/27, 33 ILM 1328)
Varghese N, Singh NP (2016) Linkages between land use changes, desertification and human development in the Thar Desert Region of India. Land Use Policy 51:18–25
Veron S, Paruelo J, Oesterheld M (2006) Assessing desertification. J Arid Environ 66:751–763
Xiao L, Li R, Jing J, Yuan J, Tang Z (2024) Suspended sediment dynamics and linking with watershed surface characteristics in a karst region. J Hydrol 630:130719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130719
Xiong L, Li R (2024) Assessing and decoupling ecosystem services evolution in karst areas: a multi-model approach to support land management decision-making. J Environ Manag 350:119632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119632
Xu D, Kang X, Zhuang D, Pan J (2010) Multi-scale quantitative assessment of the relative roles of climate change and human activities in desertification–a case study of the Ordos Plateau, China. J Arid Environ 74:498–507
Xu D, Li C, Song X, Ren H (2014) The dynamics of desertification in the farming-pastoral region of North China over the past 10 years and their relationship to climate change and human activity. CATENA 123:11–22
Yan X, Cai Y (2015) Multi-scale anthropogenic driving forces of karst rocky desertification in Southwest China. Land Degrad Dev 26:193–200
Yirdaw E, Tigabu M, Monge Monge AA (2017) Rehabilitation of degraded dryland ecosystems–review. Silva Fennica
Zeng N, Yoon J (2009) Expansion of the world’s deserts due to vegetation‐albedo feedback under global warming. Geophys Res Lett 36
Zhou W, Gang C, Zhou F, Li J, Dong X, Zhao C (2015) Quantitative assessment of the individual contribution of climate and human factors to desertification in northwest China using net primary productivity as an indicator. Ecol Ind 48:560–569
Zou XK, Zhai PM (2004) Relationship between vegetation coverage and spring dust storms over northern China. J Geophys Res: Atmos 109(D3)
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the editor and anonymous referees for valuable comments and helpful suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Formal analysis, conceptualization, methodology, investigation data collection, writing and editing: Paramita Roy, Subodh Chandra Pal, Rabin Chakrabortty, Indrajit Chowdhuri,Asish Saha, Dipankar Ruidas,Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul Islam and Aznarul Islam.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This manuscript followed the ethics of research and had full consent to participate.
Consent for publication
Manuscript shall have full consent for publication.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Roy, P., Pal, S.C., Chakrabortty, R. et al. Climate change and geo-environmental factors influencing desertification: a critical review. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32432-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32432-9