Abstract
Pyrolysis technology is crucial for realizing waste bischofite resource utilization. However, previous studies overlooked the complexity of multistep pyrolysis, resulting in a lack of thorough knowledge of the pyrolysis behavior and kinetics. The pyrolysis products were characterized using XRD and FTIR to indicate the bischofite pyrolysis behavior. Additionally, the multistep kinetics was studied using the segmented single-step reaction (SSSR) and Fraser-Suzuki combined kinetic (FSCK) methods. The results show that the bischofite pyrolysis is divided into dehydration and hydrolysis. The former refers to removing crystalline water from MgCl2·nH2O (n = 4,6). At the same time, the latter is related to the removal of HCl, characterized by the strengthening of the Mg-O bond in the FTIR analysis and the emergence of MgOHCl·1.5H2O in the XRD examination. The two main stages are divided into three dehydration reactions (D-1, D-2, D-3) and three hydrolysis reactions (H-1, H-2, H-3) by DTG-DDTG or Fraser-Suzuki deconvolution. Compared with the SSSR method, the FSCK method has improved model repeatability for multistep kinetic parameters. Following Fraser-Suzuki deconvolution, the FSCK method creates almost the same activation energy results when using the Friedman (FR), Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), and Vyazovkin (VZK). This work provides fundamental data to promote the maximizing waste bischofite resource utilization.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
References
Cao Y, Chen Z, Boukhir M, Dong B, Zhang Z, Gu S, Zhang S (2024) Insight into the pyrolysis of bamboo flour, polylactic acid and their composite: pyrolysis behavior, kinetic triplets, and thermodynamic parameters based on Fraser-Suzuki deconvolution procedure. Bioresour Technol 391:129932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129932
Castro JDS, da Silva EGP, Virgens CF (2020) Evaluation of models to predict the influence of chemical pretreatment on the peels of Nephelium lappaceum L. based on pyrolysis kinetic parameters obtained using a combined Fraser-Suzuki function and Friedman’s isoconversional method. J Anal Appl Pyrol 149:104827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2020.104827
Che D, Wang L, Liu H, Sun B, Guo S (2022) Effects of lipids on sludge and chlorella protein pyrolysis by thermogravimetry Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. J Environ Chem Eng 10:107011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.107011
Chen R, Xu M (2020) Kinetic and volatile products study of micron-sized PMMA waste pyrolysis using thermogravimetry and Fourier transform infrared analysis. Waste Manag 113:51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.039
Cheng Z, Wu W, Ji P, Zhou X, Liu R, Cai J (2015) Applicability of Fraser-Suzuki function in kinetic analysis of DAEM processes and lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis processes. J Therm Anal Calorim 119:1429–1438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-4215-3
Chu SH, Yang EH, Unluer C (2023) Chemical synthesis of magnesium oxide (MgO) from brine towards minimal energy consumption. Desalination 556:116594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2023.116594
Da Silva JCG, Alves JLF, Galdino WVA, Andersen SLF, de Sena RF (2018) Pyrolysis kinetic evaluation by single-step for waste wood from reforestation. Waste Manag 72:265–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.034
Du W, Sun Z, Lu G, Yu J (2017) Interaction between a hollow-cone spray and the co-axial swirling stratified flow in a novel spray pyrolysis furnace. Can J Chem Eng 96:1079–1088. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.23047
Farjas J, Roura P (2011) Isoconversional analysis of solid state transformations. J Therm Anal Calorim 105:767–773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-011-1447-3
García-Garrido C, Pérez-Maqueda L, Criado J, Sánchez-Jiménez PE (2018) Combined kinetic analysis of multistep processes of thermal decomposition of polydimethylsiloxane silicone. Polymer 153:558–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.08.045
Giwa AS, Xu H, Wu J, Li Y, Chang F, Zhang X, Jin Z, Huang B, Wang K (2018) Sustainable recycling of residues from the food waste (FW) composting plant via pyrolysis: thermal characterization and kinetic studies. J Clean Prod 180:43–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.122
Gupta S, Mondal P (2021) Catalytic pyrolysis of pine needles with nickel doped gamma-alumina: reaction kinetics, mechanism, thermodynamics and products analysis. J Clean Prod 286:124930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124930
Hazzat EL, Sifou A, Arsalane S, Hamidi AE (2020) Novel approach to thermal degradation kinetics of gypsum: application of peak deconvolution and Model-Free isoconversional method. J Therm Anal Calorim 140:657–671. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08885-3
Hu M, Chen Z, Wang S, Guo D, Ma C, Zhou Y, Chen J, Laghari M, Fazal S, Xiao B, Zhang B, Ma S (2016) Thermogravimetric kinetics of lignocellulosic biomass slow pyrolysis using distributed activation energy model, Fraser-Suzuki deconvolution, and iso-conversional method. Energ Convers Manag 16:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.03.058
Huang Q, Lu G, Wang J, Yu J (2011) Thermal decomposition mechanisms of MgCl2·6H2O and MgCl2·H2O. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 91:159–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2011.02.005
Huidobro JA, Iglesias I, Alfonso BF, Espina A, Trobajo C, Garcia JR (2016) Reducing the effects of noise in the calculation of activation energy by the Friedman method. Chemometr Intell Lab Syst 151:146e52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2015.12.012
Kossoy A, Akhmetshin Y (2007) Identification of kinetic models for the assessment of reaction hazards. Process Saf Prog 26:209–220. https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.10189
Li K, Huang X, Fleischmann C, Rein G, Ji J (2014) Pyrolysis of medium-density fiberboard: Optimized search for kinetics scheme and parameters via a genetic algorithm driven by Kissinger’s method. Energy Fuels 28:6130–6139. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef501380c
Li P, Liu B, Lai X, Liu W, Gao L, Tang Z (2022) Thermal decomposition mechanism and pyrolysis products of waste bischofite calcined at high temperature. Thermochim Acta 710:179164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2022.179164
Liu X, Cui X (2016) Research progress in dehydration technology of bischofite for preparing anhydrous magnesium chloride. Proc 2016 5 TH Int Conf CIVIL Archit Hydraul Eng 95:261–267. https://doi.org/10.2991/iccahe-16.2016.45
Liu W, Xu H, Shi X, Yang X, Wang X (2019) Improved lime method to prepare high-purity magnesium hydroxide and light magnesia from bischofite. JOM 71:4674–4680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03602-9
Liu H, Hong R, Xiang C, Wang H, Li Y, Xu G, Chang P, Zhu K (2020) Thermal decomposition kinetics analysis of the oil sludge using model-based method and model-free method. Process Saf Environ Prot 141:167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.05.021
Liu L, Pang Y, Lv D, Wang K, Wang Y (2021a) Thermal and kinetic analyzing of pyrolysis and combustion of self-heating biomass particles. Process Saf Environ Prot 151:39–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.05.011
Liu H, Xu G, Li G (2021b) Pyrolysis characteristic and kinetic analysis of sewage sludge using model-free and master plots methods. Process Saf Environ Prot 149:48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.10.044
Liu W, Zheng X, Ying Z, Feng Y, Wang B, Dou B (2022) Hydrochar prepared from municipal sewage sludge as renewable fuels: Evaluation of its devolatilization performance, reaction mechanism, and thermodynamic property. J Environ Chem Eng 10:108339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.108339
Luong VT, Amal R, Scott JA, Ehrenberger S, Tran TA (2018) comparison of carbon footprints of magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide produced from conventional processes. J Clean Prod 202:1035–1044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.225
Mamani V, Gutiérrez A, Ushak S (2018) Development of low-cost inorganic salt hydrate as a thermochemical energy storage material. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 176:346–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.10.021
Manić N, Janković B, Pijović M, Waisi H, Dodevski V, Stojiljković D, Jovanović V (2020) Apricot kernel shells pyrolysis controlled by non-isothermal simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). J Therm Anal Calorim 142:565–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09307-5
Nawaz A, Kumar P (2021) Pyrolysis of mustard straw: evaluation of optimum process parameters, kinetic and thermodynamic study. Bioresour Technol 340:125722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125722
Nawaz A, Kumar P (2022) Elucidating the bioenergy potential of raw, hydrothermally carbonized and torrefied waste Arundo donax biomass in terms of physicochemical characterization, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. Renew Energ 187:844–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.01.102
Nawaz A, Mishra RK, Sabbarwal S, Kumar P (2021) Studies of physicochemical characterization and pyrolysis behavior of low-value waste biomass using Thermogravimetric analyzer: evaluation of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. Bioresource Technol Rep 16:100858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100858
Ouanji F, Khachani M, Arsalane S, Kacimi M, Halim M, El Hamidi A (2016) Synthesis of biodiesel catalyst CaO·ZnO by thermal decomposition of calcium hydroxyzincate dihydrate CaZn2(OH)6·2H2O: kinetic studies and mechanisms. Monatshefte Fur Chemie 147:1693–1702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-016-1671-4
Pathak AD, Nedea S, Duin ACT, Zondag H, Rindta C, Smeulders D (2015) Reactive force field development for magnesium chloride hydrates and its application for seasonal heat storage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 18:15838–15847. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP02762H
Perejón A, Sánchez-Jiménez PE, Criado J, Pérez-Maqueda L (2011) Kinetic analysis of complex solid-state reactions. A new deconvolution procedure. J Phys Chem B 115:1780–1791. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp110895z
Qi Y, Ge B, Cao Q, Xi F, Shi X, Si Y, Wang X, Gao B, Yue Q, Xu X (2021) Application of sectionalized single-step reaction approach (SSRA) and distributed activation energy model (DAEM) on the pyrolysis kinetics model of upstream oily sludge: construction procedure and data reproducibility comparison. Sci Total Environ 774:145751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145751
Sánchez-Jiménez PE, Perejón E, Criado JM, Diánez MJ, Pérez-Maqueda LA (2010) Kinetic model for thermal dehydrochlorination of poly(vinyl chloride). Polymer 51:3998–4007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.06.020
Senum GI, Yang RT (1977) Rational approximations of the integral of the Arrhenius function. J Therm Anal 11:445–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01903696
Šesták J, Berggren G (1971) Study of the kinetics of the mechanism of solid-state reactions at increasing temperatures. Thermochim Acta 3:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(71)85051-7
Shahbeig H, Nosrati M (2020) Pyrolysis of municipal sewage sludge for bioenergy production: thermo-kinetic studies, evolved gas analysis, and techno-socio-economic assessment. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 119:109567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109567
Siddiqi H, Biswas S, Kumari U, HimaBindu VNV, Mukherjee S, Meikap BC (2021) A comprehensive insight into devolatilization thermo-kinetics for an agricultural residue: towards a cleaner and sustainable energy. J Clean Prod 310:127365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127365
Song X, Wang J, Wang X, Yu J (2005) Preparation of anhydrous magnesium chloride from MgCl2⋅6H2O II thermal decomposition mechanism of the intermediate. Product Mater Sci Forum 88–489:61–64. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.488-489.61
Sun Y, Bai F, Lü X, Jia C, Wang Q, Guo M, Li Q, Guo W (2015) Kinetic study of Huadian oil shale combustion using a multi-stage parallel reaction model. Energy 82:705–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.01.080
Svoboda R (2024) Fraser-Suzuki function as an essential tool for mathematical modeling of crystallization in glasses. J Eur Ceram Soc 44:401–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2023.08.050
Taghizadeh MT, Yeganeh N, Rezaei M (2014) Kinetic analysis of the complex process of poly (vinyl alcohol) pyrolysis using a new coupled peak deconvolution method. J Therm Anal Calorim 118:1733–1746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-4036-4
Vyazovkin S, Burnham AK, Criado JM, Pérez-Maqueda LA, Popescu C, Sbirrazzuoli N (2011) ICTAC Kinetics Committee recommendations for performing kinetic computations on thermal analysis data. Thermochim Acta 520:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2011.03.034
Vyazovkin S, Chrissafis ML, Di Lorenzo ML, Koga N, Pijolat M, Roduit B, Sbirrazzuoli N, Suñol JJ (2014) ICTAC Kinetics Committee recommendations for collecting experimental thermal analysis data for kinetic computations. Thermochim Acta 590:1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2014.05.036
Xu H, Cai Y, Shi S, Pi G (2006) Study on preparation of high purity magnesia from brucite. J Nat Sci Hunan Normal Univ 29:52–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(06)60047-8
Xu H, Dong H, Zhao L, Zhang M, Cheng D (2023) Isoconversional kinetic analysis of the pyrolysis of Salt Lake industrial waste bischofite with isothermal reaction time predictions. Process Saf Environ Prot 169:725–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.11.053
Xu S, Liu E, Gao R, Du H, Chen Z, Sun Q, Xu Z (2024) Insight into waste polyurethane pyrolysis pathways: Mechanism functions analysis and in-situ coupling online monitoring. J Anal Appl Pyrol 177:106301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2023.106301
Yu J, Sun L, Ma C, Qiao Y, Xiang J, Hu S, Yao H (2016) Mechanism on heavy metals vaporization from municipal solid waste fly ash by MgCl2·6H2O. Waste Manag 49:124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.015
Zhang Z, Lu X, Yan Y, Wang T (2019) The dehydration of MgCl2·6H2O by inhibition of hydrolysis and conversion of hydrolysate. Anal Appl Pyrolysis 138:114–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.12.014
Zhou S, Zhou Y, Ling Z, Zhang Z, Fang X (2018) Modification of expanded graphite and its adsorption for hydrated salt to prepare composite PCMs. Appl Therm Eng 133:446–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.01.067
Funding
This study was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China “Technologies and Integrated Application of Magnesite Waste Utilization for High-Valued Chemicals and Materials” (2020YFC1909303).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Hanlu Xu: conceptualization, software, formal analysis, writing—original draft. Hui Dong: supervision, review, funding acquisitions. Liang Zhao: methodology, validation, review. DaoKuan Cheng: visualization, writing—reviewing and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
The authors have not submitted the manuscript to a preprint server before submitting it to Environmental Science and Pollution Research. The manuscript has not been published elsewhere, accepted for publication elsewhere, or under editorial review for publication elsewhere. The authors have approved the manuscript and agreed with its submission to Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Guilherme Luiz Dotto
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, H., Cheng, D., Zhao, L. et al. Exploring multistep bischofite waste pyrolysis: insights from advanced kinetic analysis and thermogravimetric techniques. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 13867–13882 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32087-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32087-6