Abstract
The pace of water contamination is increasing daily due to expanding industrialisation. Finding a feasible solution for effectively remediating various organic and inorganic pollutants from large water bodies remains challenging. However, a nano-engineered advanced hybrid material could provide a practical solution for the efficient removal of such pollutants. This work has reported the development of a highly efficient and reusable absorbent comprising a porous polyurethane (PU) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets (rGOPU) for the removal of different organic oils (industrial oil, engine oil and mustard oil), dyes (MB, MO, RB, EY and MV) and heavy metals (Pb(II), Cr(VI), Cd(II), Co(II) and As(V)). The structure, morphology and properties of the rGOPU hybrid absorbents were analysed by using Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Brunner-Emitte-Teller (BET) analysis. The rGOPU possessed both superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity with water and oil contact angles of about 164° and 0°, respectively. The prepared rGOPU has demonstrated an excellent oil-water separation ability (up to 99%), heavy metals removal efficiency (more than 75%), toxic dye adsorption (more than 55%), excellent recyclability (> 500 times for oils), extraordinary mechanical stability (90% compressible for > 1000 cycles) and high recoverability. This work presents the first demonstration of rGOPU’s multifunctional absorbent capacity in large-scale wastewater treatment for effectively removing a wide variety of organic and inorganic contaminants.
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Abbreviations
- GO:
-
Graphene oxide
- rGO:
-
Reduced graphene oxide
- PU:
-
Polyurethane
- rGOPU:
-
Reduced graphene oxide-coated polyurethane
- MB:
-
Methylene blue
- MO:
-
Methyl orange
- RB:
-
Rhodamine B
- EY:
-
Eosin yellow
- MV:
-
Methyl violet
- Pb(II):
-
Lead
- Cr(VI):
-
Chromium
- Cd(II):
-
Cadmium
- Co(II):
-
Cobalt
- As(V):
-
Arsenic
- XRD:
-
X-ray diffraction
- FTIR:
-
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- FESEM:
-
Field emission scanning electron microscopy
- TGA:
-
Thermogravimetric analysis
- BET:
-
Brunner-Emitte-Teller
- q e :
-
Equilibrium adsorption capacity
- q t :
-
Adsorption capacity at time t
- q m :
-
Maximum adsorption capacity
- C o :
-
Initial concentration of pollutant particles
- C e :
-
Equilibrium concentration of pollutant particles
- C t :
-
Concentration of pollutant particles at a certain time t
- V :
-
Volume of the pollutant solution
- w :
-
Weight of the rGOPU sponge
- k 1 :
-
Pseudo-first-order rate constants
- k 2 :
-
Pseudo-second-order rate constants
- K id :
-
Rate constant of intraparticle diffusion
- K L :
-
Langmuir constant
- K F :
-
Freundlich constants
- K T :
-
Equilibrium binding constant
- R :
-
Universal gas constant (8.314 J/K mol)
- E :
-
Mean sorption-free energy
- CNT:
-
Carbon nanotube
- PDMS:
-
Polydimethylsiloxane
- DI:
-
Deionised
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Funding
This work was funded by the Science and Engineering Research Board (by the Government of India) (ECR/2018/001192), National Mission on Himalayan Study (NMHS) (NMHS/2022-23/SG 82/02/285) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST/TM/WTI/WIC/2K17/82(G)).
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Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Prateekshya Suman Sahu and Ravi Prakash Verma. Prateekshya Suman Sahu wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and Nanda Gopal Sahoo and Chetna Tewari supported analysis. Dr. Biswajit Saha conceptualised and supervised the work and reviewed and edited the manuscript.
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Highlights
The main highlights of this study are stated below;
•A nano-engineered advanced hybrid material was prepared for the effective remediation of organic and inorganic pollutants.
•Porous polyurethane (PU) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets were utilised in the fabrication of durable, superhydrophobic hybrid rGOPU.
•Various organic oils, dyes and heavy metals were removed using hybrid rGOPU.
•The prepared rGOPU possesses 98% oil-water separation, up to 75% heavy metal removal and about 55% dye adsorption.
•rGOPU’s remarkable properties make it a potential multifunctional absorbent in the treatment of large-scale wastewater for organic and inorganic pollutants.
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Sahu, .S., Verma, R.P., Tewari, C. et al. Facile fabrication and application of highly efficient reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-wrapped 3D foam for the removal of organic and inorganic water pollutants. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 93054–93069 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28976-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28976-x