Abstract
The objective of this work is to study the adsorption capacity of a natural and low-cost material prepared from argan waste treated with H3PO4 towards two dyes of different molecular charges and presenting an acute toxicity, the methyl orange (MO, anionic dye) and the methylene blue (MB, cationic dye). The prepared adsorbent was characterized by SEM, EDX, FTIR, and BET specific surface. These analyses showed the presence of C (42%), O (55%), and P (3%) and a remarkable difference between the morphology of the precursor and that of the obtained material with a specific surface of 475 m2/g and a very porous structure as well as the main functional groups, O–H, C=O, and C–H. The influence of the pH showed a maximum adsorption at pH =2 for MO and at pH = 10 for MB. Investigation of the effect of time on the adsorption of anionic and cationic dyes revealed that the contact time at equilibrium was 240 and 180 min, respectively. The isotherms that best fit the adsorption of MO and MB are the Langmuir model and the Freundlich model respectively. The kinetic study showed that the experimental data are in agreement with the pseudo-second-order model. Regeneration of the saturated material was also studied for the probability of reusing the adsorbent in many experiments. The valorization of argan waste into activated carbon using H3PO4 has allowed to obtain an effective adsorbent for the removal of anionic and cationic dyes and create an added value for environmental sustainability.
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Data Availability
The data sets used and/or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- MO:
-
Methyl orange
- MB:
-
Methylene blue
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscopy
- EDX:
-
Energy dispersive X-ray
- FTIR:
-
Fourier-transform infrared
- BET:
-
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller
- AS:
-
Argan shells
- AC:
-
Activated carbon
- ACAW:
-
Activated carbon from argan waste
- ASC:
-
Argan shells carbonized
- q e (mg/g) :
-
Adsorbed quantity at equilibrium
- T (%):
-
The adsorption rate
- C 0 (mg/L) :
-
The initial concentration of the solution
- C t (mg/L) :
-
The concentration of the solution at time t
- v (L) :
-
The volume of the solution
- w (g) :
-
The mass of ACAW
- C e (mg/L) :
-
The equilibrium solution concentration
- q m (mg/g) :
-
The maximum adsorption amount
- R L :
-
The dimensionless separation
- K L (L/mg) :
-
The Langmuir isotherm constant
- K F (L/mg) and n:
-
The Freundlich adsorption constants
- A (L/mg), B (J/mol), and b :
-
The Temkin isotherm constants
- R (8.314 J/mol K) :
-
The universal gas constant
- T (K) :
-
The absolute temperature
- K DR (mol2/kJ2) :
-
The Constant of the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm
- ε(J/mol) :
-
The adsorption potential
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This work is the result of collaboration among all authors. Abdessamad Ouedrhiri: conceptualization, investigation, writing—original draft. Mohamed Ennably and Said Alougayl: methodology, visualization, writing. Boubaker Youbi, Abderrafie Kettani Halabi, and Mostafa Khoukhi: validation, visualization. Mohammed Chafi: formal analysis and validation. Youssef Lghazi and Itto Bimaghra: supervision, validation, writing—review and editing. All authors approved the final manuscript.
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Ouedrhiri, A., Ennabely, M., Lghazi, Y. et al. Adsorption of anionic and cationic dyes in aqueous solution by a sustainable and low-cost activated carbon based on argan solid waste treated with H3PO4. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26550-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26550-z