Abstract
The interest of biofuel producers in Neotropical species that have high growth rates, slight wood density variability, and elemental composition that does not compromise the environment has increased in recent decades. We investigated the density and chemical characteristics of wood of Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber × Ducke) Barneby as a source for the generation of bioenergy. Apparent radial wood density profiles (X-ray densitometry (XRD)) and the elemental distribution (X-ray fluorescence (XRF)) of Cl, S, K, and Ca in the wood of nine S. parahyba var. amazonicum trees, divided into three diameter classes (I = 15.5, II = 19.5, and III = 23.5 cm) were analyzed. The high heating value (HHV) of the wood samples was determined, and the energy density was estimated by the product of the HHV and the apparent density. Trees that grew better (classes II and III) produced wood with higher density. These trees showed higher concentrations of K and S, and lower concentrations of Ca and Cl. The highest Cl concentrations were observed in classes with smaller diameters. The chlorine levels met the standards for use of this wood as fuel, but the sulfur levels were higher than the threshold recommended by the ISO 17225–3:2021 guidelines, which can limit the use of the species for certain energy uses. The wood of S. parahyba var. amazonicum had interesting characteristics for the production of bioenergy due to its low density, so it can be used in the production of solid biofuels such as pellets and briquettes. Monitoring chlorine and sulfur is important, since during the combustion of biomass they are released into the atmosphere and can negatively contribute to the effects of climate change.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the research group for Bioenergy and Forest-Based Bioproducts and the Biomass Energy Laboratory of Federal University of Espírito Santo (LEB/UFES) in Brazil for support in carrying out the various analyses.
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This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brazil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001, and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo (FAPES) (CAPES/FAPES collaboration). This study is also supported by the Wood Anatomy and Tree-Ring Laboratory (LAIM) (FAPESP; grant umber 2009/53951–7) of the Department of Forest Sciences of Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ) and the Laboratory for Nuclear Instrumentation (LIN) (FAPESP projects: 2015/05942–0 and 2015/19121–8), Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of Sao Paulo (USP). Daigard Ricardo Ortega Rodriguez is supported by FAPESP through research fellowship, grant number 2018/22914–8.
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Ananias Francisco Dias Júnior, Mario Tomazello-Filho, and José Otávio Brito contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Daigard Ricardo Ortega Rodriguez and Analder Sant’anna Neto. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Ananias Francisco Dias Júnior and João Gilberto Meza Ucella-Filho, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. The final review of the manuscript was conducted by Elias Costa de Souza, João Gilberto Meza Ucella-Filho, João Gabriel Missia da Silva, Analder Sant’anna Neto, Ana Paula Câmara da Silva, and Lourdes Maria Hilgert Santos. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Ucella-Filho, J.G.M., Dias Júnior, A.F., de Souza, E.C. et al. Clues about wood density and trace-element variability of Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby for bioenergy use. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 56161–56173 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26343-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26343-4